Book Summary On Presentation Of Self

Book Summary On origination Of SelfIntroductionThe presentation of wizself is based on the observation of an private by and through comparing the life of him and the resistent mint. Beca habit of that inspiration of determining the revolutions that atomic number 18 found in the society, the roles and relationships that atomic number 18 found prat affect the rank of an individual and the idea on how he contribute let on himself from other people. Due to the intensive curiosity of an individual in life and his environment, at that place ar studies that stress prohibited the possible explanation on how to describe the changes in the earnest way. Various sociological pretenses and approaches were presented to show the connection of the globe in his environment. The inter kneadion of the people in the well-disposed life is presented by the Erving Goffman in his dramaturgical model that attempts to see the society in a lighter spirit.The Key IdeasErving Goffman prep ared the key ideas behind the discussion on the encourages wherein the ideas in theorizing the loving roles and relations that are present in the contemporary society. According to the book of Goffman, the individual performs a certain role, which varies correspond to their interview. Those individuals as workers bugger off an intention in manipulating the role that they play for the finding of managing others impressions of them. Usu exclusivelyy, this occurs through the interaction of the individuals in their everyday life. Since the society presents the interactions that usu each(prenominal)y matters with the tender societal relations or group of life, there is a essential involvement of disciplines that goes right with the study of sociology including the policy-making economy, political science, and psychology because they all beam inwardly the topic of kind-hearted society. Goffman, presented the theory that suggests that individuals engage in a signifi groundwork t amount of expressive manipulation a broad several take care lines. Goffman likened his ideas to a theatre because individuals are, in essence, dramatic actors on a stage play tell a severalizes dictated by culture and this is the goal of such a presentation is acceptance from the audience through manipulation. If the actor succeeds, then they give be viewed as they desired by the audience. Goffman argues that the key to this success is to come across which information the audience has doorway to (Goffman, 1959).Unlike the sociological theories wherein the individuals are connect with the disciplines early states, Goffmans dramaturgical model summarys the existence of the tenders perspective on the stages where as an actor he usually plays. Giddens (2009) suggests that front regions are situations where individuals act out formal roles, essentially when they are on-stage. Performances in front regions a good deal require teamwork in baseball club to be successful. Impre ssion management excessively occurs in the front regions as the actor is trying to give the audience certain impressions of himself. Goffman suggests that when an individual appears before others, he ordain check roughly motives for trying to control the situation. In contrast, back regions (of the stage) are where individuals or functioning teams prepare themselves for their roles. Goffman implies that it is where teams discuss and rehearse their performance before they enter the front stage. Props can in addition be used to aid an actor in their performance and they are assembled in the back region. These props answer an actor in convincing the audience that their performance is true. For mannikin, a expect in a restaurant would use a notepad and paper to buzz off an sight, to help convince her audience (customers) that her performance is true. Goffman indicated that the two regions are attached by a guarded passageway. This stops public performances being shatter by an inadvertent look from an audience member. If an individuals performance is weak, the audience will see through it. The phenomenon of embarrassment is where the actor acts ineffectually or is ineffective to sustain their expected role. This leads to them being excluded from full participation in society, which demonstrates the immenseness of maintaining the appearance of being a competent hearty actor. The dramaturgical models determine in theorizing friendly roles and relations in contemporary society is dependent to discussion. Goffmans ideas are praised for having had a profound influence on sociology as a discipline. On his book, it clearly states that Goffman uses the dramaturgical metaphor as his contribution in the field of sociology. He ack instanterledges the most stimulating and conceit-provoking contributions to sociology which do the sociologists like a shot refer to his work, especially for examples on how to carry out micro sociological work.Goffmans dramat urgical model can in any case be seen as all of the essence(predicate)(p) within contemporary society as the concepts he certain capture become part of the very fabric of sociology (Giddens, 2009). For example, phrases such as front stage, back stage and performance withstand all become an grand part of sociologys vocabulary. More everyplace, Goffman identifies the way in which valets use culture in interaction. This allows for a certain aim of understanding in how our culture shapes our favorable interactions with others. This all provides evidence for the argument that Goffmans work, especially his dramaturgical model, is valuable in contemporary society when trying to theories social roles and relations. However, it can be argued that Goffman does not give enough recognition to the role those power plays in formative our social relations. If his dramaturgical model ignores this potentially crucial factor, can it be considered valuable? Additionally, his choice of meth odology has overly attracted criticism. However, there are doubts over its hardness as a investigate method. It can be argued that victimisation a metaphor means any resulting analysis cannot be disproved and may therefore throw away little scientific use and also the metaphors are criticizes only partial descriptions of social behaviour. Consequently, Goffmans use of a metaphor to outline his dramaturgical model may result in the validity of his holy theory being questioned, and therefore its boilers suit value to contemporary society.Goffmans prompt that his dramaturgical model revolves around the interaction rituals of everyday life has also been questioned. But in the continuous subjoin in the formality of new-made interpersonal relationships there is a decline in class in contemporary society raise doubts about the degree to which such rituals are essential to everyday life. This again suggests that Goffmans dramaturgical model is of no value to theorizing social rol es and relations in contemporary society. This argument is also reenforce by the fact that his model is only relevant to western societies which have developed a division mingled with the public and the private realms of life. Essentially, Goffman universalizes from a perspective of a white, middle-class male in 1950s America, where there are apparent front and back stages. Giddens (2009) argues that this division is not as apparent or does not exist at all in other societies and therefore Goffmans dramaturgical model is irrelevant.In conclusion, Goffmans dramaturgical model has both(prenominal) its criticisms, and its values. It can be seen that there are legitimate concerns regarding its validity and significance within certain cultures. However, it is valuable in some value as it can be utilise to contemporary western societies when theorizing social roles and relations. This helps to give us a nifty understanding of why people act they way to do in different situations. I n addition, Goffmans overall contribution to sociology is unquestionable and it is fair to say that his dramaturgical model has a strong role to play in that (http//socyberty.com/sociology/erving-goffmans-dramaturgical-model/).DiscussionThe work of Goffman manifests the sibylline appreciation in the individual work within the society. His contribution in the sociology has a great effect in the modern sociological studies. For example, economics is linked to the business, distribution, and consumption of goods and services political science to political school of thought and to actual forms of government and psychology to individual human mental processes. Sociology, however, is compound with almost the whole human life beyond the biological direct which fully asserted by Goffman in his study. Virtually, all human activities have a social aspect in that people engage in them together rather than alone and usually influence one another. Sociology is scoop viewed with the contrib ution of Goffman as not as a distinct topic area but as a situation perspective on human conduct. The same may be said of psychology, but the psychologist guidancees on the individual whereas the sociologists are concerned with the pattern of social relations organise by two or more than persons. neighborly interactions, or the mutual responses of individuals, are perhaps the staple sociological concept, because such interaction is the unsubdivided component of all relationships and groups that made human society.As a discipline, or a body of systematized knowledge of sociology, Goffman used this as an inspiration in presenting one-self and which can be the very foundation of a society. The aspect of his studies was long identified primarily with the broad evolutionary reconstructions of historical changes in occidental Societies, as well as the endeavour to explore the relationships and interdependencies among their more specialized institutions and aspect of social life, such as economy, the state, the family, and religion. Sociology, in Goffmans study, can be thought more about synthesizing the field that attempted to integrate the findings acquired from other social sciences. Although such concepts concerning the scope and task of sociology are hush up prevalent, they now tend to be regarded as the province of sociological theory, which is only a part of the entire discipline.Sociological theory, in a lighter sense as based on the works of Goofman, admits the discussion and analysis of basic concepts that are common to all different spheres of social life that had been part of studying sociology. An emphasis on empirical investigations that is, the meeting of data carried out by ensampleized and very some(prenominal) statistical research methods, directed the care of sociologists away from the total but abstract visions towards the determineed and concrete areas of social reality. These areas where Goffman focused on came to constitute th e recognized subfields and specialties of sociology that are today part of the college courses, textbooks, and specialized journals. Much of the learned and scientific works of Goffman, it falls clearly within one another of the many subfields into which the discipline is divided and can be performed by an individual. In addition to the basic concepts, research sociological theory and research methods are both usually required subjects for all who study sociology.The oldest subfields in the disciplines are those that concentrate on the social phenomena in which Goffman in practically asserting and that have not previously been espouse as objects of study by other social science disciplines. These imply marriage and the family, social ine eccentric, and social stratification, ethnic and race relations, deviant behavior, urban communities, and knotty or formal organization. Subfields of more recent origin get a line the social aspects like on sex and gender roles. Because most a ll human activities involved in social relation, another major citation of specialization within sociology is the study of the social structure of recognized areas of human activity which is bound to be in the concept of interaction. These areas of teaching and research include the sociology of politics tied(p) in simplistic conversations law, religion, education, and many others. The subfields differ unspecificly in the extent to which they have accumulated a literal body of research and attracted the large numbers of practitioners. Some, such as the sociology of sports, are of recent origin, whereas others rooted deeply in the earliest form of sociology. reliable subfields had achieved brief popularity, only to be later incorporated into a more comprehensive area. A more common sociological phenomenon is the splitting of a recognized subfield into narrower subdivisions the sociology of knowledge, for an instance, has increasingly been divided into individual sociologies of science, art, literature, popular culture, and language.In the wraith of interdisciplinary fields, the oldest and most important would be the social psychology in which Goffman justified through explaining the things around and at present through the simple interaction. Actually, it has lots been considered virtually a separate discipline, drawing practitioners from both sociology and psychology. As sociologists, they are primarily concerned with the social norms, roles, institutions, and the structure of groups, while social psychologists concentrate on the impact of these various areas on individual personality. Social psychologists trained in sociology have pioneered in the studies in interaction in small informal groups such as the distribution of the beliefs and attitudes in a population and the shaping of personality through the experience of socialization, or the conceptualization of character and outlook under the influence of the family, the school, the peer group, and other socialization agencies. The psychoanalytic ideas derived from the work of Sigmund Freud and other later psychoanalysts have been particularly important in this last area of psychology. This might be also compete a significant part in the study of Goffman in presenting one-self.As for the comparative historical sociology there is an often strongly influenced by the ideas of both Marx and Weber but has shown oftentimes growth in the recent years. numerous historians have been guided by concepts borrowed from sociology at the same time some sociologists had carried out large-scale historical comparative studies. The once firm barriers between history and sociology have crumbled especially in such areas as social history, demographic change, economic and political development, and the sociology of revolutions and protest movements.Research MethodsSociologists use nearly all the methods of acquiring information employed in the other social sciences and the humanities, from adva nced numeral statistics to the interpretation of the texts. They also rely heavily on primary statistical information that is usually regularly collected by the governments such as census, records of employment, immigration, the frequency of crime, and other useful statistics that can be used as variable and for quantitative measurement. It seems like the method open by Goffman is criticized by some of his contemporaries because it appeared that the process of his information gathering is plainly through observation and interpreting things.The direct observation or reporting is the firsthand in some aspect of study within the society. The society, in fact, has a long history in sociological research. Sociologists have sometimes obtained information through what has been called participant observation- that is, by temporarily decent or by pretending to become members of the group being studied. Sociologists also obtain firsthand information by relying on knowledgeable informants f rom the group. two methods have also been used by social anthropologists. Several of the simple studies of American sociology, in fact, were patterned on anthropological accounts of illiterate peoples, in that they attempted to present the complete pictures of life that represents their study.In recent years, the exposit firsthand observation has been employ to smaller-scaled settlings, such as hospital wards, religious, and political meetings, bars and casinos, and classrooms. The work of the Canadian-born sociologists Erving Goffman (1922-82) has actually proven both models and a notional rationale for such studies. Goffmans influence has been only one of the numbers of notional currents insisting that everyday life as directly experienced is the basic principle of social reality, underlying all statistical and conceptual abstractions. This emphasis has boost intensive microsociological investigations using instruments as tape recorders and video cameras in native rather than artificially contrived experimental social situations (Giddens, 2009).Furthermore, sociologists use surveys for scholarly or scientific purposes in nearly all subfields of the discipline, although surveys had been most often employed in the study of voting behavior, racial and ethnic prejudice, responses to fix communications, and other areas in which the probing of subjective attitudes is clearly appropriate. Although surveys are an important sociological research tool, their suitability for many types of investigation has been widely criticized. bring observation of social behavior cannot be replaced by verbal answers to an interviewers standard list of questions even if such answers lend themselves easily to statistical tabular matter and manipulation. Observation enables sociologists to obtain in-depth information about certain group in which Goffmans method is good as an example.Emerging TrendsSince the 1960s sociology has ceased to be primarily an American subject. In sociological theory, in particular, a partial replacement of the previous direction of influence has occurred, with speculative currents once again and the sociologists grow enormously in both Europe and US. In addition to theoretical diversification, new subfields came into being, such as the sociology of gender (spurred by the resurgence of womens rightist movements), which includes the analysis of gender-based social roles and inequalities, and the study of emotions, aging, and the life course. Older subfields such as historical and comparative sociology were revitalized, as was the broaden movement towards theoretical practice, which encompasses applied sociology, policy analysis, and various sociological interventions. Sociological practitioners apply their knowledge through roles as consultants, planners, educators, researchers, and managers in federal, state, and local government, in nonprofit organizations, and in production line especially in the field of marketing, a dvertising, insurance, human resources, and organizational analysis.Sociologists made greater use both of traditional research methods associated with other disciplines, such as the analysis of the historical resource materials, and one of more sophisticated statistical and mathematical techniques adapted to study of social phenomena. Development of increasingly heterogeneous computers and other devices in handling and storing information has facilitated the processing of sociological data. Because of the wide diversity in research methods and approaches, sociologists working in a particular subfield often have more in common with workers in a complementary discipline than with sociologists specializing in other subfields. A sociologist of art, for example, stands much ambient in interests and methods to an art historian or critic than to a sociologist who constructs mathematical models of occupational mobility. In theory, methods, and the subject matter, no single school of thou ght or topic dominates sociology today (Mujtaba, Griffin, Oskal, 2004).In Practical AssociationActually, Goffman focuses on how the men are interacting with the society and his environment which mainly involves the changes in the objectives. In today, the development in the society came to the point where in the discussion leads to human security there is an emerging role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the development of dimensional peace-building activities. In the changing world-wide environment in which local, regional, and globose level actors and norms have accrued enhanced legitimacy, a new generation of multi-dimensional peace-building activities has developed aiding in the development of ethical norms, utilizing peacekeeping, traditional mediation, conflict closedown or transformation, increasingly through transnational organizations and NGOs (Mercer, 2002).The re- appendage of ethonationalist and identity based conflicts, and to respond to pressing humanita rian crises. It is in this context that the peace-building role of NGOs in conflict and complex emergencies may be usefully located and assessed as part of a socio-political fabric engaged in sustainable approaches to ending conflict. Conflict resolution/transformation and peace-building approaches to understanding conflict and methodologies for addressing it are being utilized by NGOs. This is in conjunction with more formally constituted methods and actors, in order to stabilize local environments in a local, regional and global normative context, as well as in the context of an emerging global civil society. This may enhance the legitimacy of NGOs (and their regulation) and may also increase the effectiveness of peace-building in the global system (Bratton, 1994).Part of NGOs approach in peace-building is with the perspective on conflict, and the methodology which is derived from it for solving conflict, is thought to remove the unfavorable difficulties inherent in first gener ation peacemaking where the common argument is made that involvement is crippled by the intensity of the dispute, the resources or lack of that the threesome party has access to, and the type of issues at stake for the disputants. The industriousness of the international system dictates those third parties or the NGOs to view their role as one of conflict management as opposed to resolution in order to bring about compromise through bilateral and trilateral negotiations. In response to the peace-building approaches, it has been argued that settlements need to be based upon just political orders which elicit democracy and human rights, new norms, participatory governance structures, civil society, international tribunals, and truth commissions. Disarming, repatriating refugees, building a consensus for peace under the auspices of the UN, and obtain local political leadership play a role in this method (Mercer, 2002). This is based on conflict resolution perspectives of conflict, and requires deep access into local environments, something that requires grassroots processes rather than top down approaches. NGOs can often provide this because of their unofficial and human security oriented focus. As actors of peace-building process, NGOs should focus on the injustices relating to human needs/security, humanitarian intervention, and human rights and the inflexible perceptions that states have held with respect to territorial sovereignty. NGOs have often been a low visibleness response to the exploitation of power by political entrepreneurs in interior(prenominal) environments, and to intractable conflicts, economic inequality, and humanitarian abuses. The relationship of the NGOs in the society creates an emergence in the solving the needs and act in a much broader range of security issues, which makes the role of the NGOs complex. Providing a serious action on the impediment is a great start in the peace-building processes (Richmond, 2001).The global changes infinitely draw its impact in different parts of the world and reflected in the e-society. It also affects the simple business transactions up to the simple supporting of the citizens. The issue of globalization got the attention of the researchers and proved itself as a great substitute from the traditional. In addition, the society embraced those changes and crafted a revolution that aims for its benefits.The e-society is the term applied in the use of the consumers on Internet, web, and information technology in which it can change the society for the better living. The purpose of this interaction depends on the application of an individual which is mostly according to their needs (Reiter, 2008). However, the people can still recognize that the changes require many non-technical barriers that is indeed, needed to be addressed. The non-technical barriers oftentimes limit the ability or capability of the technology. The e-society is divided in many firmaments videlicet e-comme rce which can be applied to the businesses (Mujtaba, Griffin, and Oskal, 2004) e-government that recognizes the activities involved in the governmental sector (Heeks, 2001) e-learning or the innovative approach on education to achieve the quality education e-health that was made to improve the health status of the society (Kaveny and Keenan, 1995) e-science that sometimes collaborated to the e-health and is bound for the continuous scientific research activities (Binik, Mah, and Kiesler, 1999 Reiter, 2008) and e-entertainment that is for the leisure of the individuals (Husselbee, 1994). All of the components of the e-society are purposely made for the benefit of the society. But as the old manifestation says no one is created perfect the e-society also receives drawbacks and other limitations because of the issues. One example is the e-commerce, the business leaders recognized the benefits such as changing the facilities, production process, or service offered. The business leader s also aim for fortune the customers even from a far. But with the aid of the technology, this is highly positive. In fact, through the interaction of the business in the technology, the marketing and/or advertising can be easy. There are only problems that limit the businessmen in doing so. The problems are on the business models that can be apply for the organizational change the security of the applied internal system, privacy of the people and even the consumers, and the trust and the legal barriers to international sales (Mujtaba, Griffin, and Oskal, 2004).ConclusionSociologists, like historians, also make extensive use of secondhand source materials. These generally include life histories, personal documents, and clinical records. Although the popular stereotypes have sometimes envision sociologists as people who by pass qualitative observation of human experiences by reducing them to statistical, or quantitative, summaries, these never had been accurate. Goffmans works impre ssively odd a great contribution in sociology and explaining the interaction of individuals as much as giving the light emphasize on how an individual represents in the crowd. Therefore, his part in sociological field of work is utilized to use as basis in developing the society in a most attractive way.

Errors and strategies in language acquisition

breaks and strategies in terminology eruditionError field of studyWhy Correction is NecessaryCorrection is necessary. The argument that students just need to aim the phrase and the rest pull up stakes come by itself gather upms rather weak. Students come to us to enlighten them. If they want completely conversation, they will probably in mannequin us or, they might just go to a chat room on the Internet. Obviously students need to be change by reversal as part of the accomplishment experience. However, students also need to be encour termd to use the phraseology. It is true that correcting students sequence they ar trying their best to use the language whoremonger a lot discourage them. The most(prenominal) satisfactory solution of all is make field of study an activity. Correction house be utilize as a critique to any given class activity. However, subject sessions enkindle be used as a valid activity in and of themselves. In early(a) words, give lessonse rs can set up an activity during which each mistake (or a specific sign of mistake) will be corrected. Students screw that the activity is red ink to focus on correction, and accept that fact. However, these activities should be kept in correspondence with other, to a great extent free- make water, activities which give students the opportunity to express themselves with come forward having to stir up about macrocosm corrected every other word.It is to S.P. C point that Error Analysis owes its place as a scientific method in linguistics. As Rod Ellis cites (p. 48), it was non until the s level(p)ties that EA became a recognized part of applied linguistics, a information that owed much to the work of Corder. Before Corder, linguists observed students wrongful conducts, divided them into categories, tried to see which ones were common and which were non, only non much attention was drawn to their federal agency in second language acquirement. It was Corder who showed to whom information about erroneousnesss would be steadying (teachers, researchers, and students) and how.There atomic number 18 many major concepts introduced by S. P. Corder in his hold The significance of apprentices fractures, among which we encounter the followingIt is the learner who get words what the input is. The teacher can present a linguistic form, but this is not necessarily the input, but simply what is available to be learned.Keeping the above point in mind, learners needs should be considered when teachers/linguists plan their syllabuses. Before Corders work, syllabuses were based on theories and not so much on learners needs.Mager (1962) points out that the learners built-in syllabus is more(prenominal) efficient than the teachers syllabus. Corder adds that if such a built-in syllabus exists, then learners errors would sanction its existence and would be systematic.Corder introduced the distinction between systematic and non-systematic errors. Unsystematic er rors transcend in ones native language Corder calls these mistakes and states that they ar not significant to the mathematical operation of language accomplishment. He keeps the term errors for the systematic ones, which come in in a second language.Errors are significant in three ways to the teacher they show a students progress to the researcher they show how a language is acquired, what strategies the learner uses. to the learner he can learn from these errors.When a learner has made an error, the most efficient way to teach him the correct form is not by simply giving it to him, but by permit him discover it and tryout different hypotheses. (This is derived from Carrolls proposal (Carroll 1955, cited in Corder), who raiseed that the learner should predominate the correct linguistic form by searching for it.Many errors are due to that the learner uses structures from his native language. Corder claims that possession of ones native language is facilitative. Errors in thi s cocktail dress are not inhibitory, but rather evidence of ones learning strategies.The above insights played a significant role in linguistic research, and in particular in the approach linguists took towards errors. Here are near of the areas that were influenced by Corders workSTUDIES OF LEARNER ERRORSCorder introduced the distinction between errors (in competency) and mistakes (in performance). This distinction tell the attention of researchers of SLA to competence errors and set upd for a more concentrated framework. Thus, in the 1970s researchers started examining learners competence errors and tried to explain them. We find studies such as Richardss A non-contrastive approach to error analysis (1971), where he identifies sources of competence errors L1 transfer results in upset errors incorrect ( broken or over-generalized) application of language rules results in intralingual errors bodily structure of faulty hypotheses in L2 results in victimizational errors.not all researchers postulate agreed with the above distinction, such as Dulay and Burt (1974) who proposed the following three categories of errors developmental, interference and unique. Stenson (1974) proposed another category, that of induced errors, which result from incorrect instruction of the language.As most research methods, error analysis has weaknesses (such as in methodology), but these do not diminish its wideness in SLA research this is why linguists such as Taylor (1986) reminded researchers of its importance and suggested ways to overcome these weaknesses.As mentioned previously, Corder noted to whom (or in which areas) the study of errors would be significant to teachers, to researchers and to learners. In addition to studies concentrating on error categorization and analysis, various studies concentrated on these three different areas. In other words, research was conducted not only in order to view errors per se, but also in order to use what is learned from error an alysis and apply it to meliorate language competence.Such studies include Kroll and Schafers Error-Analysis and the article of belief of Composition, where the authors attest how error analysis can be used to improve writing skills. They analyze possible sources of error in non-native- incline writers, and attempt to provide a process approach to writing where the error analysis can do hand better writing skills.These studies, among many others, show that thank to Corders work, researchers recognized the importance of errors in SLA and started to examine them in order to achieve a better understanding of SLA processes, i.e. of how learners acquire an L2.STUDIES OF L1 INFLUENCE ON SLA confused researchers commit concentrated on those errors which demonstrate the influence of ones native language to second language acquisition. Before Corders work, interference errors were regarded as inhibitory it was Corder who pointed out that they can be facilitative and provide information a bout ones learning strategies (point 7, listed above). Claude slime eelsge (1999) is a supporter of this concept and he mentions it in his book The squirt between cardinal languages, dedicated to childrens language education. harmonize to hagfishge, interference between L1 and L2 is observed in children as sound as in bountifuls. In adults it is more obvious and increases continuously, as a monolingual person gets older and the structures of his first language get stronger and shoot the breeze themselves more and more on any other language the adult wishes to learn. In contrast, as regards children, interference possesss will not become constant unless the child does not have fit exposure to L2. If thither is sufficient exposure, then instead of reaching a point where they can no longer be corrected (as often happens with phonetics features), interference features can be easily eliminated. hagfishge centeringes that at that place is no reason for worry if interference p ersists more than expected. The teacher should know that a child that is in the process of acquiring a second language will subconsciously invent structures influenced by knowledge he al look aty possesses. These hypotheses he forms whitethorn constitute errors. These errors, though, are completely natural we should not expect the child to acquire L2 structures conterminously (p. 81).In addition to studies of L1 transfer in general, there have been numerous studies for specific language pairs. Thanh Ha Nguyen (1995) conducted a case study to demonstrate first language transfer in Vietnamese learners of English. He examined a particular language form, namely oral competence in English past tense making. He tried to determine the role of L1 transfer in the acquisition of this English linguistic feature as a function of age, time of exposure to English, and place and utilization of learning English.The influence of L1 on L2 was also examined by Lakkis and Malak (2000) who concentrate d on the transfer of Arabic prepositional knowledge to English (by Arab students). Both peremptory and negative transfer were examined in order to help teachers identify debatable areas for Arab students and help them understand where transfer should be encouraged or avoided. In particular, they concluded that an instructor of English, whose native language is Arabic, can use the students L1 for structures that use equivalent prepositions in both languages. On the other hand, whenever there are verbs or expressions in the L1 and L2 that have different structures, that take prepositions, or that have no equivalent in one of the languages, instructors should point out these differences to their students.Not only was L1 influence examined according to language pair, but according to the type of speech produced (written vs. oral). hagfishge (p. 33) discusses the influence of L1 on accent he notes that the ear acts like a filter, and after a critical age (which witchge claims is 11 y ears), it only accepts sounds that belong to ones native language. Hagge discusses L1 transfer in order to convince readers that there is and then a critical age for language acquisition, and in particular the acquisition of a native-like accent. He uses the example of the French language, which includes complex vowel sounds, to demonstrate that after a critical age, the acquisition of these sounds is not possible thus, learners of a foreign language will only use the sounds existing in their native language when producing L2 sounds, which may often obstruct communication.STUDIES OF CORRECTIVE FEEDBACKCorder dilate on Carrolls work to show that the most efficient way to teach a student the correct linguistic form is to let him test various hypotheses and correcttually find the right form (point 6, listed above). In these steps, Hagge points out the importance of self correction (p. 82-83). According to Hagge, it is useful to always perform an error analysis based on written tests administered by the teacher, but without informing the student of the purpose of the test. On that basis, self-correction is preferable to correction by the teacher, especially if the latter is done in a severe or intimidating way. Self correction is even more efficient when it is done with the help of childrens classmates. According to teachers, the younger the children, the greater the cooperation among them and the less aggressive or intimidating the corrections. Hagge dedicates a section in his book to the importance of treating errors in a irresponsible way. In this section, titled The teacher as a good listener, he notes that it is useless, if not harmful, to treat errors as if they were diseases or pathological situations which essential be eliminated, especially if this treatment becomes discouraging, as occurs when teachers lose their patience because of childrens numerous errors. This, of course, does not mean that corrections should be avoided after all it is the teac hers duty to teach the rules of the L2. besides the correction of every error as soon as it occurs is not recommended. The justification that Hagge offers is the following the linguistic contentedness that the child tries to produce is a sequence of elements which are interdependent warm corrections which interrupt this message tend to produce negative consequences, even to the less sensitive children such consequences include anxiety, fear of making an error, the development of avoidance strategies, reduced motivation for participation in the classroom, neglect of affair for learning, reduced will for self correction, and lack of trust towards the teacher. Esser (1984, cited in Hagge) also made a similar point repetitive and immediate corrections, he noted, may cause sensitive children to develop aggressive air towards their classmates or teacher. Thus, Hagge concludes, correction must not be applied by the teacher unless errors obstruct communication. This is the main criter ion for error correction (i.e. obstruction of communication) presented by Hagge however there have been studies which examined such criteria in greater detail, such as Freiermuths L2 Error Correction Criteria and Techniques (1997). Freiermuth accepts Corders view (point 6) and proposes criteria for error correction in the classroom. These criteria are exposure, seriousness, and students needs.In the case of exposure, Freiermuth claims that when a child creates language (for example, when he tries to express an judgement by using a linguistic form he has not yet acquired), he will most likely make errors correcting these errors will be in orderive because the learner is not aware of them. Thus, error correction would result in the acquisition of the correct form only if the learner has been previously exposed to that particular language form.As regards the seriousness criterion, Freiermuth claims that the teacher must determine the gravity of an error before deciding whether he shou ld correct it or not. Here Freiermuth sets a criterion which agrees with that of Hagges the error, he states, must impede communication before it should be considered an error that necessitates correction. But what constitutes a serious error? Which errors are those which should not be corrected? As an examples of non-serious errors, Freiermuth mentions those errors which occur due to learners nervousness in the classroom, due to their stress or the pressure of having to produce accurately a linguistic form in the L2. These errors can occur even with familiar structures in that case, they are not of serious nature and are similar to what Corder called mistakes. Here again we see Corders influence in error analysis, and in particular in the distinction between errors and mistakes. Freiermuth goes on to suggest a hierarchy of errors (according to seriousness) to help teachers decide which errors should be corrected Errors that significantly impair communication are at the top of the list, followed by errors that occur frequently, errors that reflect misunderstanding or incomplete acquisition of the current classroom focus, and errors that have a highly stigmatizing effect on the listeners. He also clarifies what can cause stigmatization difficult pronunciation errors, or errors of familiar forms.Another important criterion that must be considered by the teacher is individual students needs. The importance of this factor is mentioned in Corder, who in turn notes that this idea had been suggested previously by Carroll (1955, cited in Corder 1967) and Ferguson (1966, cited in Corder 1967). Each student is different and thus may react other than to error correction. We infer from Freiermuths claim that the teacher must perform two main tasks first, assess some specific character traits of students, such as self-confidence and language acquisition capability. Freiermuth agrees with Walz (1982, cited in Freiermuth) that self- overconfident, capable students can pro fits from even minor corrections, while struggling students should receive correction only on major errors. This claim agrees with Esser and Hagges claim that repetitive corrections are likely to decrease motivation it is reasonable to accept that students who lack self-confidence will be stigmatized to a greater degree than confident students.The teachers second task, according to Freiermuth, is to listen to learners L2 utterances in order to determine where errors occur (i.e. which linguistic forms cause students difficulties), their frequency, and their gravity (according to the severity criteria mentioned above). Then the teacher can combine the outcome of these tasks and decide on correction techniques for individual students.A different approach to error correction was suggested by Porte (1993), who stressed the importance of self-correction. Porte refers to Corders distinction of errors and mistakes and points out that many students do not know the difference. It is important , Porte notes, that students know how to identify an error in order to avoid it in the future. She agrees with Corder that it is more efficient for learners to correct themselves than be corrected by the teacher, and goes on to suggest a four-step approach for self-correction. This approach consists of questions that the teacher provides to students. After writing an essay, students should read it four times, each time trying to answer the questions included in each of the four steps. Thus, in each re-reading task (each step) they concentrate on a different aspect of their essay. In brief, the first task asks them to highlighting the verbs and check the tenses in the second task students concentrate on prepositions the troika task requires them to concentrate on nouns (spelling, agreement between subject and verb) eventually in the fourth task students should try to correct potential in the flesh(predicate) mistakes. Porte also offers some clarification of what is meant by perso nal mistakes, in order to help the students identify them.The studies mentioned above are only a hardly a(prenominal) examples that demonstrate how S. Pit Corders work influenced the area of error analysis in linguistics. The concepts that Corder introduced directed researchers attention to specific areas of error analysis they helped linguists realize that although errors sometimes obstruct communication, they can often facilitate second language acquisition also they played a significant role in instruction teachers and constituent them identify and classify students errors, as well as helping them construct correction techniques.REFERENCESCorder, S. P. 1967. The significance of learners errors. International Review of Applied philology 5 161-9.Dulay, H., and Burt, M., Errors and strategies in child second language acquisition, TESOL Quarterly 8 129-136, 1974.Ellis, R., The Study of Second Language Acquisition, Oxford University Press, 1994.Esser, U., Fremdsprachenpsychologisch e Betrachtungen zur Fehlerproblematic im Fremdsprachenunterricht, Deutsch als Fremdsprache, 4151-159, 1984, (cited in Hagge 1999).Freiermuth, M. R., L2 Error Correction Criteria and Techniques, The Language Teacher Online 22.06, http//langue.hyper.chubu.ac.jp/jalt/pub/tlt/97/sep/freiermuth.html, 1997.Hagge, C. Lenfant aux deux langues (The child between two languages), Greek translation, Polis editions, capital of Greece 1999. (Original publication Editions Odile Jacob, 1996).Kroll, Barry, and John C. Schafer. Error-Analysis and the Teaching of Composition, College Composition and Communication 29 242-248, 1978Lakkis, K. and Malak, M. A.. mind the Transfer of Prepositions. FORUM, Vol 38, No 3, July-September 2000. (Online edition http//exchanges.state.gov/forum/vols/vol38/no3/p26.htm)Mager, R.F. Preparing Instructional Objectives, Fearon Publishers, Palo Alto, CA 1962.Nguyen, Thanh Ha. kickoff Language Transfer and Vietnamese Learners Oral Competence in English Past Tense Marking A Case Study., Master of culture (TESOL) Research Essay, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia1995.Porte, G. K., Mistakes, Errors, and Blank Checks, FORUM, Vol 31, No 2, p. 42, January-March 1993. (Online edition http//exchanges.state.gov/forum/vols/vol31/no1/p42.htm)Richards, J., A non-contrastive approach to error analysis, English Language Teaching 25 204-219, 1971.Stenson, N. generate errors in Shumann and Stenson (eds.), 1974, cited in Ellis (p. 60).Taylor G., Errors and explanations, Applied Linguistics 7 144-166, 1986.

Effectiveness Of Sex Offender Treatment

Effectiveness Of fire offender discussionIn previous years, the attention of wind wrongdoers has led the human beings to believe a fallacy regarding hinge on offender interferences. The humanity often start to bring in any one(a) who commits a internal offence to be a high bump finish up offender. inn need to netherstand that some rouse offenders argon low put on the line offenders who atomic number 18 very unlikely to re-offend again. The public believe gender offenders should be sent to prison house indefinitely, however this is an inefficient elbow room in dower offenders from re-offending. One of the closely controversial debate and problem around the orb is twist offence. Crime is a massive issue around the knowledge domain and it act ass up much questions than it answers. This essay will discuss the myth that sex offenders atomic number 18 un speakable by providing various successful political platforms use for preaching and to stamp down abom ination rates. Initially, this paper will briefly define what a sex offender is, what drives slew to become one and how the government has tried to prevent sex delinquents from re-offending.A sex offender is a person who has committed a informal execration, an act which is prohibited by the jurisdiction. What constitutes a sex offence or normal and abnormal sexual behaviour varies over eon and place (Pakes Winestone, 2007). Every country has diametrical laws and perspectives on sex offences where mature of consent to sexual acts vary from 9-21. land upual offending mainly relates to grown rape or child molestation (Pakes Winestone, 2007), further there atomic number 18 some(prenominal) other types of sex aversions much(prenominal) as cyberspace grooming, sexual harassment and incest. It is very different to distinguish between sex offenders with non offenders. It is presumed that more sex offenders curb various sexual abnormal fantasies or an fantastic high sex dri ve (Elsevier, 2007). People tend to believe well-nigh sexual offences argon committed by strangers but the truth is more or less victims know their attacker and also ar non very different to normal people (CSOM).Many theories try to explain why people commit sexual offences. Since sexual deviance takes several forms, no unity theory whitethornbe adequate to account for all aspects (Blackburn, 1993). Ellis (1989) identifies two major theories which can explain as to why a person may want to become a sex offender. The first being the favorable fiting theory that suggests people commit sexual deviant acts because they learn and get exposed to certain things, which the person starts to assume is the right way to live life. An example could be childhood experiences, getting put-upon or being exposed to pornography at a young age. The entropy theory, Ellis supports is the Evolutionary theory which connects with genetics and male aggression.Getting victimised by a sex offender ca n be traumatising and psychologically damaging. come alive offenders confuse been increasely a focus of attention by the criminal honorableice system over the past decade (Thomas, 2000). In new years, many countries draw started to pitch their laws regarding sex offenders. The vile Justice governing body is strengthening the legislation and revising punishments for the publics safety and to bring low recidivism rates.Before the iniquitous Justice passage 1991, the laws on sex offences were very old attack back from the Sexual Offences snatch 1956 (Pakes Winestone, 2007). The Sex wrongdoers Act 1997 was later introduced. This Act made it easier to bear off and identify the offenders on friendship release. Sex offenders had to charge their names and addresses with the police which helped manage and protect the public. In 1998 the Crime and trouble oneself Act (Section 58), paid attention to extending the post release surveillance of sex offenders to a maximum of 10 years for a prison prison term of any length (REF) and Section 2 introduced the Sex offender Order. This issuerank places a number of prohibitions against the offender by magistrates of the court. This can be used to prevent certain sex offenders from going to specific locations (Legislation.co.uk). Furthermore, the laws in 2003 changed which introduced time-consuming sentences and also life sentences were put into effect (Pakes Winestone, 2007). In 2003, the Sexual Criminal Act redefined the meaning of rape and internet grooming was also added into this Act as illegal.What happens to those that ar convicted? Nearly two-thirds of sex offenders immediately go to prison (Homeoffice, 2003c), the rest are taken care by probation or supervision orders, fines and some are totally discharged. Those who are convicted or charged are often required to record their names in the sex offender registry. These names databases are classified into levels and are open to the public. A good h igh happen offender must bear witness for the rest of their lives whereas a low essay sex offender has to for a certain blockage of time. There are many advantages and disadvantages of the Sex offender cash register. Some of the advantages are that the public can easily access information about sex offenders on the internet and citizens slang the right to know if there is a sex offender in their area. The disadvantages include records being inaccurate or not updated this practice makes it hard for the offender to readjust back into the community (accommodation and employment). This could also lead to networking indoors sexual offenders (FIND).According to the Review of Sex Offender Treatment Programmes (1998) the highest risk sex offenders appear to be characterised by the following factors criminal history, anti fond lifestyle, emotional loneliness, denial, psychopathic personality, low victim empathy and problem solving abilities. To manage these sex offenders the aim of ea ch programme is to challenge offenders distorted thoughts and reasoning in relation to their victims and to help manage their impulses by providing alternative courses of action which they view as being more rewarding (Worrall Hoy, 2005). Many of the word programmes are taken place inside a base format unless it is a high risk sex offender where its on a one on one basis. Sex offender word programmes require at least 80 hours of handling (Evenden, 2008). The British Prison Service introduced the Core Sex Offender Treatment Programme (SOTP) to reduce the wickedness rates, which is now the largest of its kind in the world (Thornton Hogue, 1993). SOTP subscribe made a criterion for all of the sex offenders in prison or attending programmes in the community. This criterion has ten characteristics which a SOTP should have to be successful and in effect(p) (Journal Site).1) Explaining how the programme will bring a change2) Including whom the programme is intended for and why3) Un derline the risk factors4) Treatment methods5) Teaching different types of skills to avoid re-offending6) Inform them that there are links between the management and the programme7) Enforce engagement of participants8) Explaining the age and duration9) Monitor if the programme is being delivered properly10) Evaluate the faculty of the programmeThe main goal of the sex offender treatment programmes are that the person avoids committing another offence in the future. The offender must have got they are guilty for them to take part in the programme, not agreeing may lead the criminal to go back into prison. The programme expects the perpetrator to parley about his unacceptable behaviour, express their feelings, remorse for them and agree to apologize to the victim. To reduce reconviction rates it is suggested to also decrease the sexual arousal. Sexual arousal is one of the key factors which can lead to sex offending. Psychiatrists also contribute to the treatment of offenders alon g with probation and prison officers. The medication prescribed by psychiatrists is shown to reduce crime (Grublin, 2007). near sex offenders are let off and released within the community under supervision before their sentence is completed. Due to this, there is a great need of effective SOTPs which can help lower crime rates. One common therapeutic approach virtually countries use to treat sex offenders is the cognitive behavioural (Perkins, 1998). These treatment programmes involve individual and group therapy victim understanding, future planning, identify emotions, solving problems, anger management if needed, social and interpersonal skills development and changing sexual arousal patterns (Centre of Sex Offender Management, 2000). Recent studies have shown specific areas of SOTPs that need more attention such as attachment issues, low self esteem, confidence and loneliness. Other types of approaches many SOTPs provide are psychotherapy, skills therapy, the psycho-educational and the pharmacological approach (FIND). These approaches focus on increasing victim empathy, uses of medication, getting out secrets, and also learning about the law. Therapists and probation officers have daily routines to inspect offenders during treatment hours and visiting them at home, this also includes medicate/alcohol use checkups. UK prisons, have groups sessions with about eight offenders and two tutors. Therapy in prison started in 1991 and these sessions also consist of cognitive behavioural approaches but there are many other people involved than just psychologists, such as police officers, teachers and also chaplains (Psychology Textbook pg.435). Some of the techniques the prison SOTP uses are brainstorming, role playing and thinking strategies (Textbook).Many other types of SOTPs have been designed within America, Canada and the UK such as Community Sex Offender Group work Programme (C-SOGP) which pays attention to male offenders who have victimised children and I nternet Sex Offender Treatment Programme (I-SOTP) is for offenders who have been convicted with internet only sex offences such as viewing indecent images of children (I-SOTP Site).The most effective way to manage and supervise potentially dangerous offenders in the community is for the relevant agencies to work together (leicsprobation.co.uk). This work is managed and directed by the Multi Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA). MAPPA was developed nationally on maiden April 2001 and works with many different types of agencies like Youth Offending Teams, Children Services, big(a) Social Services, Health Trusts, local housing authorities, Job Plus and electronic monitoring providers (MAPPA book). MAPPA uses these agencies to get police surveillance, specialised accommodation, drug/alcohol refilling and ongoing management by other services. Who are the MAPPA offenders? There are three categories of MAPPA offenders. Category one consists of sexual offenders who are required to register their names and address to the police. Category two includes violent offenders who have been sentenced to internment for 12months or more. The last category is for dangerous offenders who are a risk to society but do not fit under the categories to a higher place (MAPPA BOOK).In 2009, MAPPA collaborated with Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA) to encourage and develop this programme. COSA was first introduced in Canada about 15 years ago. The purpose of this programme is to support and reintegrate sex offenders who are about to be put back into the community. This composition was introduced to the UK by the Quakers. Sex offenders are lonely people who feel free once released into the community. These are the key reasons as to why an offender skill want to re-offend. COSA take place weekly which pay attention to employment, monetary difficulties, isolation and loneliness (Print out).There have been many debates about the reclamation process and success rat es. SOTPs not only have a monumental impact on medium risk offenders but also are very successful in reducing crime with low risk sex offenders (Homeoffice, 2003). Treating high risk offenders is much more difficult as they have the most dropout rates and have no intention of retrieve but it has been proven that many highly deviant offenders had a effective and successful treatment by joining long term therapy (160 hours) compared to piffling term (80 hours) (Homeoffice, no79). Sex offenders who attend and complete SOTPs overall have lower reconviction rates than those who dont receive treatment at all. This advice and support can change and save a persons life. cognitive behavioural treatment and pharmacological treatment together have meant to be the most effective approaches to reducing crime and psychotherapy has been the most inefficient amongst sex offenders. A study was conducted for 2 years to see the reconviction rates, 133 offenders who had taken treatment had lower sex ual crime rates compared to 191 offenders who had not received treatment at all (12). Also, a sample of 264 people who had been convicted of internet sexual offences were examined after treatment inclined by I-SOTP and the results proved that sex offenders were haughtyly changing their attitudes (15). There have been many pros and cons regarding the use of Sex Offender Register. The main arguments for why the Registry is not effective is because the criminals who committed sexual offences before 1997 were not added into the registry, criminals who were an subtle risk to the public were excluded from the registry and there is no national sex offender registry (Pakes Winestone, 2007). MAPPA and COSA on the other hand give positivist responses of effectiveness. Both programmes have been researched regarding their impact on crime rates. Offenders successfully end these programmes are 3 times less likely to be re-convicted than offenders who have not completed this programme (NOTA) . COSA has reduced re-offending by 70% and out of 35 offenders researched upon, only 3 criminals have been found to re-offend (paper). Receiving effective treatment is a very important. However, two major downfalls with SOTPs is that research has shown that there is a high percentage of drop outs. Another problem which arises is that probation officers have admitted to not being able to communicate properly with sex offenders and have express they need more skills and training to be able to protect the public (FIND).As new information comes available, the programmes are constantly being developed. Most sex offenders do get released into the community without having received any treatment in prison and reducing the risk of it happening outside within the community is a vital process. In order to asses and treat a sexual offender effectively, therefore, one needs to obtain a practical(prenominal) account of his psychosexuality, something that is notoriously difficult to do (Elsevier , 2007). Till today, we cannot predict as to why people commit these harsh crimes to innocent people. It has become a hot topic within the public and the government have changed and rewrite many laws to ensure they are doing the best they can for the publics safety. Everybody wants to see positive future outcomes of SOTPs. Society hope to see an increase in public safety, tracking and monitoring of offenders, awareness of sex offender laws, changing of the offenders view on SOTPs and lastly to decrease the sexual offence crime rates. The Cognitive behavioural approach is being used worldwide and has been proved most effective. Overall, there is evidence for a positive effect of sexual offender treatment. Categorising sex offenders and identifying the essential skills they need can help to what works and for whom under which circumstances. Thus, what needs to be said about SOTPs, is that they must continue to have a strong presence in the criminal justice system, so that we reduce v ictimisation and make communities safer.

Five Functions of Management: Advantages and Disadvantages

Five Functions of Management Advantages and DisadvantagesHenri Fayol is widely ac knowledged as the earliest pi geniuser and advocate of the t get hold of of circumspection Parker and Ritson, 2005 His concern theories were commencement ceremony proposed in the early 1900s. Despite many criticisms, Fayols theories still form the bag of counseling practices and teachings in the 21st century. Taking some articles for reference, this essay exit of importly analyse the advantages and disadvantages of Fayols creation of five serve wells of focal point in advance(a) enterprises by some examples. There argon intimately three main move in this essay beginning with the introduction. And in the main bole of this article, based on some academic researches, thither are ab break done seven parts discussing the advantages and disadvantages of Fayols concept of five stimulates of focusing. A conclusion entrust be make at last.There is no doubt that Fayol is outgo known for a thr ee-fold contribution to prudence theory. Among his contributions, the concept of five functions of steering is worth discussing both the time. Fayol identified five key functions of management and these functions of managerial activity are prevision and seening, organizing, coordination, bidding and tell. agree to Fayol, prophecy involves analyzing the approach shoting and drawing a plan of action (Pugh ad Hichson, 2007). And as for organizing, Fayol believed that an organizations mental synthesis was important, as it can facilitate the optimum pass of its barter activities (Pugh and Hichson, 2007). According to Pugh and Hichson (2007), in his original writing, Fayol affaird the term command to illustrate a managers responsibility to lead and select employees towards the achievement of organizational goals and strategies. close the function of coordination, Fayol made a suggestion that managers should bind together, unify and harmonize all the organizations activitie s and efforts. In modern management practice, this can be explained into that the managers should be answerable for making sure that all the organizational business activities are twin(a) to make the employees can unify together within one incision or among different departments. The last non the least function of management is interpret. Fayol recognized the importance of control within an organization and support that it ensures everything occurs in conformity with established rules and expressed command.In the article of Fayol-standing the show of time, McLean (2011) first of all introduced the contents of the five functions of management and stated that in contemporary society, in that respect are some advantages of these functions to development of the enterprises. First, McLean (2011) stated that with the development of globalized knowledge economy, the abilities of prevision and proviso can tally success in the competition. Second, organizing can ask the managers to carry out an appropriate infra social scheme, which allow optimize the organizations system, resources, procedures, processes and services and enable knowledge to be disseminated to those who need it, when they need it. Third, McLean (2011) as well as stated that control is one of the most important responsibilities of a manager and under the control of the managers. Under control of the managers, the policies and strategies can be implemented according to plan and within budget, set timescales and allocated resources. Fourth, under the function of command, the managers can develop a thorough knowledge of their employees, which can generate a positive psychological contract that engages employees with their jobs and the organization. Whats more, Fayols managerial functions are frequently cited as the inspiration for the contemporary practice of dividing managerial activity (and management textbooks) into the functions of grooming, leading, organizing and controlling (Davidson and Griffin, 2000 Lewis, Goodmand and Fandt ,1995).As for the organizing, Fayol believed that an organizations social organisation was important, as it facilitated the optimum conduct of its business. Whether there are advantages of this concept or not remains an open question, In the article of Fayol-standing the test of time, knock off Jacque railroad McLean stated that in contemporary society, organizing can ask the managers to carry out an appropriate infrastructure, which go forth optimise the organizations system, resources, procedures, processes and services and enable knowledge to be disseminated to those who need it, when they need it. Meanwhile, organizing also can integrate all kinds of resources of the companies, including gay resources, financial and material resources. So there are some advantages most the concept. And this concept is also influencing the structure of the companies and most of organizations carry more charge to the building of the organizationa l structure. The KFCone of the most famous and important degraded food chain restaurants, is always paying its attention to the building of the structure all the time. In 2004, with the AIV spreading quickly in Asia, most of the KFC consumers quitted the line of waiting for KFC, never eating chicken. Especially in Vietnam, the most AIV-hit country, KFC business was confronted with a crisis. But KFC then changed its organizational structure, replacing the Fried poulet with Fried Fish. So, finally it regained a big success. Under the guidance of Fayols concept about the organizing, many organizations know about the importance of the structure and pay attention to building their organizational chart and thus gain success. In fact, the building of the organizational structure should fit the development of the organization.As the utter goes, preparedness ensures success and unpreparedness spells failure. So does the development of one organization. According to Fayol, forecasting invo lves analysis of the future and drawing up a plan of action. About this Fayols concept, some authors viewed that there are some advantages. In the article of Fayol-standing the test of time, McLean (2011) stated that with the development of globalized knowledge economy, the abilities of forecasting and planning can gain success in the competition. In the article of The foundation of Henri Fayols administrative theory, Mr. Wren, Mr. Bedeeian and Mr. melodic phrase stated that the most important of the means which one must use to ensure business success was planning. To create a business, the founders need expectant manpower and time and should have outlets for the products or service. To forecast these needs and providing for them is the main responsible of the managers. So Fayols concept about planning has its own advantages. And it also improves the development of the companies in contemporary times. Due to the loss of electronic mail, Morgan Stanley remunerative out more than b illions of dollars. But this event is just one backsheesh of the iceberg of the suffering a great number of cost which is caused by the inappropriate information management. Confronted with this problem, British Airway made plan and forecasting and declared its commercial goal to automate more and more function and try their best to develop customers self-help service system , such as electronic ticket, and even that customers can printed their tickets in their own home. This strategy made British Airway protocol the development lifeline of the companies designedly.Although there are lots of advantages of Fayols concept of the five functions of management, there are some disadvantages of them. As for the forecasting and planning, if a business made a mature planning, it will get a great success. If not, there will be a big failure, just as the saying goes Changes always go beyond plans. As McLean (2011) stated in the article of Fayol-standing the test of time that the globalised k nowledge economy and the presence of ubiquitous change and competition make forecasting, planning and strategising key managerial activities, forecasting and planning are at the homogeneous time the main cause of an organization failure. HP, a big technological products supplier of the world, is always encouraging its employees to go forward to their goals, which are intend by the organization. According to HP official Website, in 2010in concurrence with its plan, HP purchased Palm company with the Web-based Operating System to get itself to a higher level. But as a result, the new product with the WebOS could not compete with ipad and was not popular with the consumers. In 2011, HP declared to end the research of WebOS. So to purchase Palm with a whole $1.2 million is really not a wise choice. Many early(a) organizations in the world are also always following the rules of forecasting and planning concept in Fayols management theory, but only a good plan is far from enough in contemporary competitive context.The other disadvantage comes from the function of command and control in Fayols theory. According to Wren, Bedeian and strain (2002), the command made by the higher authority and which, be it direct or through successive levels in the organization, should reach all parts of the organization, and the responses should return in the reverse sense, either directly or through the levels, to the central authority. Thus an organization can operate smoothly. But there are also counterviews, who consider that the excessive command and control will harm personal satisfaction and their self-respect. In the article of Fayols 14 principles of management then and now a framework for managing todays organizations, Rodrigues stated that if the managers can disassociate their managerial work from the actual work clearly, they can have aptitude to focus on the target of the development of their own enterprises and struggle with the globe relations outside the co mpanies. In the article Henri Fayol as strategies a nineteenth century corporate turnaround, Wren stated that due to the hierarchy, the managers can conduct the enterprise toward its objective. The branches of Nokia in China adhere to the principle of the former, the strict command and control. Under this circumstance, the managers cannot handle the managerial work since they have to help employees to deal with lots of trivial problems. After discussion, they changed the operation strategies and set up the system of hierarchical transmission of orders, in which the employees in the lower class should pass over their work to his/her own managers.Whats more, as McLean (2011) stated, although Fayol had a great contribution to management theory, he has been accused of the romanticism of management and presented an almost unrealizable approach to management theorisation. He gave a clear definition to each of the functions of his management theory and some principles to carry out them, b ut in cover circumstances, some of them can not be realized. As Pryor and Taneja (2010) stated that in practically Mintzberg vehemently disagreed when he went on to say that if you observe managers at work you will find what they do is quite different. According to Lamond, Fayol gave us management as we would like it to be and Mintzberg gave us management as it is (Pryor and Taneja, 2010). Therefore, today many managers favour the important role of practice and experience. They regain that practice and experience are the only way to get a management qualification.In conclusion, Henri Fayol, as a founding father of what has become known as the administration school of management, made some contributions to the management theories. This essay mainly aimed to discuss some statement about Henri Fayols contributions to management today and criticism of any of his contributions under the topic of Discussion on Advantages and Disadvantages of Fayols Concept of Five Functions of Managemen t in Modern Enterprises and then to describe about the influence of Fayols management theories to the management practices and teachings in the 21st century. It focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of forecasting and planning, the disadvantages of excessive command and control and the impracticability of the theory in the main body by taking some articles for reference. All in all, Fayols theories are valuable and relevant for organizational leaders on the one hand and debatable on the other hand.

Income Elasticity of Demand: Analysis of Nestle

Income breeze of penury Analysis of draw close economics is the study of making choices, It examines how volume choose the output in pleasurable their unlimited wants by considering many factors.Economics is The study of how society decides what, how and for whom to fuck off.(Begg,2003)COMPANY PROFILENestl was founded in 1867 on the shores of Lake Geneva in Vevey, Switzerland and its branch produce was Farine Lacte Nestl, an infant cereal speci each(prenominal)y formulated by Henri Nestl to provide and amend infant nutrition. From its premier historic merger with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed take out Company in 1905, Nestl has grown to become the worlds largest and most diversified sustenance for thought Company, and is about twice the size of its ne atomic number 18st competitor in the food and beverages sector. In 2004, Nestl had around 247,000 employees worldwide, operated 500 factories in approx. 100 countries and offered over 8,000 products to millions of consumers un iversally.In India Nestle has its headquarters in Gurgaon,Haryana. One of the main cross off is Chocolates and weeddy store which is been studied here.DEMANDDemand is the bar buyers wish to purchase at each conceivable. The have of the product fag end metamorphose from consumers to consumers and product to product. Demand is non a particular quantity but it is the price at which the consumers exit purchase the product. In character reference of chocolates the guide can vary if the price amplifications.The supply of the product is in addition very(prenominal) much essesntial, The product is to be reached to the consumers in responsibility quantity at the right eon with the right price.The posit of verticals can be classified into three typesThe legal injury of related veraciouss This relates to the price and require for the substitute product , If the Nestle Chocolates ar not available in the market the people go forthing vary buying the substitute goods such as ice cream, cakes etc. but in that location is a major(ip) design for competitors, if the nestle chocolates argon not available consumers can go for Cadbury chocolates also. The price gain in the complementary products such as milk, sugar, choco powder leave effect the price of the product . So the price of related good playes a important role in fixing the price of the product.Consumer Income The income of a person plays a major role in the market, if the person income goes gamey the withdraw of the product goes high as the people start buying more chocolates. The person devour low priced chocolates will buy good quality chocolates this is the situation where the indifferent goods demand gets lower. When the income increases the per capita income of the person increases which rather increases the buy power of the consumer.Taste This is unitary of the major factor which controls the demand of a product, when the income of the consumers are high the people will think of buying good quality chocolates, when at that place are competitors for nestle like Cadbury, amul etc the consumers depends on taste, the taste and preferences of a product plays a major role in setting the demand of a product. shot crack is the sensitivity of transmit in percentage of nonpareil qualifyingable with respect to the proportional percentage tilt in other variable. The Elasticity can be classified in to three value Elasticity of Demand This is explained as the difference between the percentage change in demand by the percentage change in price.Ed = % change in Quantity Demanded% change in PriceFrom the above gens if the price of chocolate is been tighten upd by 20 pounds from 30 pounds the percentage point of change in demand increases from 30 kg to 50 kg , the change in price can give a very good result on the products sale ,where as when the price is been increase by 50 pounds the demand glistens to 20 kg there is a great loss and the sales and demand of the product has pretermit down.20%/10 %=2 , hence it is a highly elasticised .Income Elasticity of DemandIncome cracking of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to the change in the income of the people demanding the product . It is calculated as the ratio of the percent change in quantity demanded to the percent change in income. For ex commodious, if, in rejoinder to a 10% increase in income, the quantity of chocolate demanded increased by 20%, the income elasticity of demand would be 20%/10% = 2.A negative income elasticity of demand is associated with inferior goods an increase in income will lead to a fall in the quantity demanded and may lead to changes to more luxurious substitutes. A positive income elasticity of demand is associated with normal goods an increase in income will lead to a rise in the quantity demanded. If income elasticity of demand of a commodity is less than 1, It is necessity good. If the elastisity of demand is greater that 1, It is a luxuary good.A zero income elasticity or inelastic demand occurs when an increase in income is not associated with a change in the quantity deanded of a good. patsy Elasticity of Demand Measures the responsiveness of the quantity demand of a good to a change in the price of another good. For example, if, in response to a 10% increase in the price of Sugar, the quantity of Chocolates demanded fall by 20%, the cross elasticity of demand would be -20%/10% = -2.It can be calculated using the following formula= % form in Quantity deamand of product A% Change in Price of Product BWhere the two goods are substitutes the cross elasticity of demand will be positive,so that as the price of one goes up the quantity demanded of the other will increase. For example in response to an increase in the price of cadbury chocolate, the demand for Nestle chocolate will rise. In case of perfecr sustitutes, the cross elastisity of demand is equal to infinity.Where the two goods are com plements the cross elasticity of demand will be negative, so that as the price of one goes up the quantity demanded of the other will decrease. For example, in response to an increase in the price of sugar, the demand Chocolates will decreaseWhere the two goods are independent, the cross elasticity demand will be zero , as the price of one good changes,there will be no change in quantity demanded of the other good(B.Johns,S,Atkinson,.2001)ECONOMICS OF SCALE several(prenominal) fixed Cost It is the fixed cost puzzlered by the bon ton for a long term period, it can be the the machinery cost or the materials inevitable for the production of chocolates such as milk, sugar etc , the price of these will be fixed for certain period . The labour cost also will be also fixed .Specialisation The company will be specialised in some fields or the other . Nestle chocolates can be experts in making bar chocolate plot they wont be specialed in making toffees .Purchasing It is like purchasi ng the product in huge quantities . If the company gives the suppliers with good price and of good quality, The supplier will buy the product from the the manufacturer, they accept lower prices to unshakable steady demand. The customers exploit the market power. When the purchase is been made by the suppliers in large qualtity the production will be high and it can foster to increase the profit.Research and Development The Company will have to tighten on the R and D in order to get smart technologies there by they can increase their production and they can research for new kind of chocolates where they can attract more customers. The company will have to invest n R D and they have to contact a right solution.The Minimum Efficient Scale=Size of market /No of Producers=63ooo/7=9000MES=9000/63000=14.28%.http//www.nestle.com/Resource.axd?Id=24E5A5E2-93F8-43A3-956E-0F259448CB90TECHNOLOGYTechnological progress can improve the companys production, its products its labour etc. By i ntroducing new technology machine where by new designs of chocolates can be produced and new mixture of flavours can be added together so that the customers can be attracted. The new technology machines can even cut down the cost of production there by the price of the product can be reduced there by the supply can go high.Economies of scope1) Common FacilitiesIn this the company delivers different products with the same employed workers, this can help the company to reduce the cost there by increase the companys profit. For example the people who make nestle chocolates can even try for making nestle biscuits there by the product can be successful and dont want to incur much expenses.2) Transferable ExperienceIt is the bugger off been transferred from one place to another, the experience gained from one organisation is been applied and their strategies are been blended together so that the company can earn more profit and the production can be increased.3) Influences on Demand Dem and for the product can increase if the product has a good brand image. If the Nestle chocolates are having demand in the market and the consumers purchase nestle chocolates by seeing the brand name and good will , the product next launched my Nestle will be more easy to be sold as the first product benefits the sale of the second.CONCLUSIONThe company need to keep a track on the markets demand and supply of the product there by the company can gain more profit by providing with the right product at the right time, The company should try to sell the chocolates to its suppliers inwardly the equilibrium price so that they benefit in selling and they save in selling our companies chocolates as they give them more profit. When the demand gets high, ample amount of products should be available in the market there by increasing the production and this can increase the companys gracility. The company should follow the consumers tastes and preferences and should also consider the income of persons and price of related good. When taking in to consideration all the factors like technological, elasticity, economic scope, economies of scale the company can gain the goodwill of the market and people.ReferencesBegg.D (2003) Foundations of Economics ,Second edition,McGraw Hill Education,Berkshire.http//www.nestle.com/Atkinson, B.Johns,S.(2001)Studying EconomicsPalgrave.http//www.nestle.com/Resource.axd?Id=24E5A5E2-93F8-43A3-956E-0F259448CB90

Intel :: essays research papers

IntelResults of operations. Intel broke a record in terminal revenues in 1995, for theninth consecutive year, rising by 41% from 1994 to 1995 and by 31% from 1993 to1994. Higher volumes of the rapidly raising Pentium microprocessor family,partially offset by lower prices, and increased consummate(a) sales of related board-levelproducts were responsible for most of the crop in revenues in 1994 and 1995.Revenues from the Intel486 microprocessor family declined substantially in 1995due to a rupture in market demand toward the companions Pentium microprocessors andlower Intel486 microprocessor prices.Higher volumes of flash warehousing and chipset products also contributed toward theincrease in revenues from 1993 to 1995 and also helped enable the successfulPentium microprocessor ramp. sales of system platforms, embedded controlproducts, and networking and communications products also grew.Cost of sales increased by 40% from 1994 to 1995 and by 71% from 1993 to 1994.The growth i n cost of sales from 1993 to 1995 was driven by Pentiummicroprocessor and board-level unit volume growth, tender factories coming intoproduction, shifts in process and product mix, and in the fourth string of 1995,by costs associated with unusually high reserves related to inventories of legitimate purchased components. Gross marge for the fourth quarter of 1994included the impact of a $475 million charge, primarily to cost of sales, tocover replacement costs, replacement natural and an inventory record related toa divide problem in the floating point unit of the Pentium microprocessor. As aresult of the in a higher place factors, the gross molding percentage was 52% in 1995 and1994, compared to 63% in 1993.Quarterly unit shipments of the Pentium microprocessor family passed those ofthe Intel486 microprocessor family during the third quarter of 1995. The Companyhelped accelerate this innovation by offering chipsets and motherboards toenable computer manufacturers to bring the ir products to market faster. gross sales ofthe Pentium microprocessor family comprised a majority of the Companys revenuesand a substantial majority of its gross margin during 1995. During 1995, theIntel486 microprocessor family represented a significant but rapidly decliningportion of the Companys revenues and gross margins. The Intel486 microprocessorfamily comprised a majority of the Companys revenues and a substantial majorityof its gross margin during 1993 and 1994.Research and maturement spending grew by 17% from 1994 to 1995, as the Companycontinued to invest in strategic programs, particularly for the internaldevelopment of microprocessor products and related manufacturing technology.Increased spending for marketing programs, including media merchandising and theCompanys Intel Inside reconciling advertising program, drove the 27% increasein marketing, general and administrative expenses from 1994 to 1995.

The Importance of Fear in Hamlet Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

The Importance of worship in Hamlet Fear plays an important role in Shakespeares tragic play, Hamlet. Within the play, the main character, Hamlet, attempts to overcome his fear and fulfill his fathers revenge. Hamlets apprehension toward death prevents him from carrying issue the murder of Claudius. Although confrontation with death is avoided for as long as possible, Hamlet comes to recognize his weakness, and faces this anxiety. Displaying an antic disposition, Hamlet primary attempts to side step his tremor by feigning madness. After meeting with his fathers proposed ghost, Hamlet attempts to distance himself from the plan or evidence of death. Hamlet notifies his friends, Marcellus and Horatio, of his plan to distract the kingdom from his tangible intentions. Although Hamlet proposes this as a way to fool those in Denmark, in the last lines of his meeting with Horatio and Marcellus, he curses that this revenge be placed upon him. This is the first indication of Hamlets reluctance to perform murder. Hamlet then returns to Claudius and Gertrude, at the castle, and acts out his madness for them and for the visitor, Polonius. Upon speaking to Polonius, Polonius picks up upon Hamlets madness, yet decides that this unnatural nature is because if Ophelias fashion toward Hamlet. Indication of Hamlets fear is presented when Polonius asks leave of the prince. Hamlet then states that Polonius can encounter anything from him, anything but his life. Hamlet repeats thrice this idea of taking anything except his life. Not unless does this indicate how compulsive Hamlets fake insanity is becoming, but how afraid he is of dying. During the To be or not to be soliloquy, Hamlet contemplates his view of death. As he go... ...nd bear the burden of his fathers retribution. Sources Cited and Consulted Bloom, Harold. Introduction. Modern Critical Interpretations Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. invigorated York City Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 1-10. Danson, Lawrence . sad Alphabet. Modern Critical Interpretations Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 65-86 Findlay, Alison. Hamlet A Document in Madness. New Essays on Hamlet. Ed. Mark Thornton Burnett and John Manning. New York AMS Press, 1994. 189-205. Goldman, Michael. Hamlet and Our Problems. Critical Essays on Shakespeares Hamlet. Ed. David Scott Kaston. New York City Prentice dormitory room International. 1995. 43-55 Rose, Mark. Reforming the Role. Modern Critical Interpretations Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 117-128

Hope Leslie by Catharine Maria Sedgwick Essay -- Hope Leslie Catharine

fancy Leslie by Catharine Maria SedgwickAmerican Puritans in the seventeenth century were known for their fire for personal godliness and doctrinal correctness. In addition to believing in the absolute sovereignty of God, the total depravity of man, and the complete dependence of valet beings on divine grace for salvation, they stressed the importance of personal religious experience. In her novel Hope Leslie, Catharine Maria Sedgwick critiques the idea of Puritanism and shows its deficiencies through the natures of Everell Fletcher, Hope Leslie, and Magawisca. A weakness of Puritanism that Sedgwick identifies is the idea that communal emotion and authority should feature precedence over the desires and emotions of the individual. Some examples of this criticism are seen through the character of Everell Fletcher who is born and raised a Puritan however does not so easily conform to the pressures being placed upon him by both the in the public eye(predicate) and his fa mily. The Puritans messed the Indians as a sav shape up people whom they were to conquer and convert. At age fourteen, Everell is certainly aware of this view, and yet he not only befriends, but arguably falls in love with Magawisca, an Indian servant in the Fletcher house. His mothers concern over this is seen in a earn she writes to her husband addressing the issue of Everell and Magawiscas mutual affection for one another(prenominal) it is for thee to decide whether it be not most wise to remove the maidservant from our dwelling. Two young plants have sprung up in close neighbourhood, whitethorn be separated while young but if disjoined later their fibers are all intertwined, one, or perchance both, may perish. (33). Despite Mrs. Fletchers desire for Everells personal contentmen... ... halo that encircled the pilgrims head and not mark the dust that sometimes sullied his garments (156).In this text, Sedgwick identifies one of her qualms with Puritanism. She points out that Puritans view things that bring happiness as sin and things that are challenging and life-threatening as obligations. She argues that Puritans lost the true meaning of Gods tenderness but are still seen as perfect examples of godliness. In her defy Hope Leslie Catharine Maria Sedgwick forces the reader to understand and judge some of the 17th century Puritans ideas, two being the idea of communal interests being of much importance than personal interests and the idea of youth being completely subject to adults. Through the characters of Everell, Hope, and Magawisca, Sedgwick brings to light the often overlooked shortcomings of Puritanism.

Marketing Essay example -- GCSE Business Marketing BTEC Coursework

Marketing jibe to the American Heritage Dictionary, marketing is defined is the act or run of buying and selling in a market, but what are some of the strategies that successful corporations use to gain an advantage over their contestation? palmy companies invest up front to develop an advertising and promotions figure, which clearly out(a)lines the goals and strategies of the organization. at once the plan is in place and ready to implement, identification of target markets essential be determined. Successful companies also pay close attention to the competition and use failures and successes to their advantage.An advertising and promotions plan will include such items as identifying target markets, creating messages to the market and what avenues will be used to communicate the message. The plan should also identify how successes are measured through the use of a quantifiable list that tracks whether or not the tasks are accomplishing the goals.One of the around valuable factors of successful marketing is to know your target market. If Anheuser-Busch, one of the some recognized trademarks in the world, targeted customers under the legal drinking age of 21 years, chances are they would not be a world leader. The most effectual way to find out about the targeted market is through sanctioned market research. How will they perceive the offered product or service? The beat out way to find out what they want is to ask them. Send out surveys and offer incentives f...

Timeline :: essays research papers

TIMELINETimeline by Michael Crichton, was a real exciting book virtually time travel and what the Dark Ages were like. Timeline also taught about the basics of quantum physics that would operate it possible to achieve such a spectacular feat. Be prepared as you read this book to take form into the horrible, dangerous would of the year 1387.Timeline started out with a convocation of scientists/archaeologists digging at an ancient castle site. This site was in a French vale with two main castles, Castelgard and La Roque, a monastery, and a mill. This was the site that ITC, a quantum research facility, picked to go back into time to research. Through quantum physics, ITC was able to make a machine that sent objects and people to a parallel mankind that was different from this one. This was the basis of the whole story. Professor Johnston, the leader of the digging group, got unique as to how ITC knew more about the site than he did. Robert Doniger, the owner of ITC, discrete tha t he would show the professor how they knew so much about the site. man the professor was back in time, he wandered out into the open athletic field and got trapped inside the medieval world by the Dordogne River. Doniger then got the intense idea of sending back some of the other archaeologists to try and distinguish Professor Johnston because they would know the spots where he would most likely be. The group of four, Andre Marek, Chris Hughes, Kate Erickson, and David Stern flew to the New Mexico site to find the professor. During the pre-tests to see it they were physically undefended of going back through the machine, David Stern decided that he was non going to go because he did not trust the machines. The five of them, the three other archaeologists, and the two sharpens went back to the Dordogne valley in 1387. Right arrive at the bat when they got there, a group of knights saw the futuristic people and cut off the head of one guide and shot the other guide full of arrows. That left the archaeologists on their own to find the professor. Right away(predicate) they were astonished by how the castles looked and by how quiet it was. Facing many problems, they in brief assemble out who the professor was in the medieval world and found him. This was a time of war, however, which presented many difficulties in getting out, not to quote the fact that the machines had broken back home and the ITC crew did not call up that the shields would hold up.

We All Must Take Responsibility :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

We All Must Take Responsibility   She is a really trustworthy person. He doesnt take responsibility for his actions. She was responsible for the fortuity. How many times have we heard statements similar to these? A definition of responsible might be account adequate to(p), reliable, dependable, or trustworthy. Based on my observations and experiences, I rely many people have a problem translating that into their everyday lives. If something crowing happens, it must be someone elses fault, or someone should have to pay.       A few months ago, I was involved in my first car accident. I think its pretty remarkable that this was my first accident, considering that Ive been ride for almost thirty years. The accident itself was pretty traumatic. I was at a complete hold on behind two cars that were turning leftover, when a large van change of location at about thirty-five mph rear-ended my car. I was fortunate to break away with only some large b ruises and a very sore stifle however, the car didnt fare quite as well. What was more amazing than the accident itself were the actions of the five-year-old man who ran into my car. Instead of taking responsibility for his actions, he lie to the police and to his insurance company about the events that took place. His version was that he was driving behind me when I ran into the car in front of me, then bounced certify into his van. Perhaps if hed had more time he might have been able to concoct a more credible story, one that actually do sense. In the end, the police and his insurance company saw through his lies and everything was taken care of. But in the meantime, my car was towed away and I was left with no car. Whats amazing to me is that he never got out of his van to cope with if anyone was injured, and he never apologized for smashing two cars and causing me the inconvenience of beingness without a car for five weeks while the damage was repaired.       Several months ago, in that location was a tragic fire near the Quad Cities. Unfortunately, two young children lost their lives when one of them started a fire in their apartment.