Higher Pleasures: Unique to Human Beings

John Stuart Mill argues In utilitarianism that higher pleasures are unique to human beings. Higher pleasures are those pleasures that require some minimum of cognitive capacities to enjoy. More specifically, higher pleasures are intellectual pleasures while lower pleasures are sensual pleasures. Mill argues that animals are not capable of experiencing higher pleasures because animals are not aware of their higher facilities; animals lack the conscious ability to be curious, to achieve a sense of self-worth from volunteering. or to hold a deep and intellectual conversation.Mill successfully argues in utilitarianism that higher pleasures are not only distinct and unique to human beings, but are also more desirable and valuable than lower pleasures because human beings have higher facilities for happiness. â€Å"It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig dissatisfied,† (pg 18. ) Mill uses this example because human beings have experienced both higher and lower pleas ures, and would not willingly switch from a life of hgher pleasures toa life of lower pleasures. Through controlled experiences, Griffen and Speck argue in New Evidence of AnimalConsciousness that animals do possess some torm ot primary consciousness enabling them to experience these lower pleasures that Mill describes. Intellectual pleasures may be unique to humans, but sensual pleasures are now being examined and documented in animals. How do we, as humans, know with certainty that higher pleasures are more desirable and valuable than lower pleasures? Mill argues that higher pleasures are superior to lower pleasures with the following example, human beings know both sides of the question, while pigs only know their side of the question.Human beings nd animals have two very different ideas of happiness and content â€Å"It is indisputable that the being whose capacities of enjoyment are low, has the greatest chance of having them fully satisfied†¦ and they will not make him e nw the being who is indeed unconscious of the imperfections, but only because he feels not at all the good which those Imperfections qualify† (page 18. ) Mill argues that no human being, who knows both sides of the question, would voluntarily go from a Ife of higher pleasures to a life of lower pleasures.Mill states that once a human being is ade aware of their higher pleasures, they would never be happy to leave a life of higher pleasures for a life of lower pleasures. Higher pleasures are therefore superior in kind to lower pleasures. We can think of levels of pleasure on a continuum, with lower pleasures, such as sex, food, and sleep on the lower end of the continuum, and higher pleasures, such as reading a book, volunteering, or seeing a good play on the higher end of the continuum.Human beings have experience both kinds of pleasure, higher and lower, and are therefore are qualified with the knowledge to distinguish that higher pleasures are more valuable and desirable tha n ower pleasures. In tne artlcle New Evidence 0T Animal consciousness, GrlTTen ana speck present evidence that support the idea that animals are capable of experiencing at least some level of consciousness. In the article, consciousness is described as â€Å"the subjective state of feeling or thinking about objects and events† (pg 6. The authors encourage us to think of consciousness also along a continuum, with basic consciousness on one end, and a â€Å"higher† form on consciousness on the other. The authors agree with Natsoula's evidence that animals have some form of basic onsciousness, â€Å"Animals are sometimes aware of objects and events, including social relationships, memories, and simple short-term anticipation of likely happenings in the near future† (page 6. However, animals do not experience a form of advanced or â€Å"higher† consciousness that is unique to humans. The chapter states that if animals are conscious, their conscious level prob ably varies from the simplest feelings to thinking about the common problems they can face, and ways to avoid it. As stated above, consciousness requires some form minimum of cognitive capacities, animals lack any form of cognitive capacities, leaving higher pleasures istinctively unique to human beings.The central question in the article is whether or not animals experience a form of basic consciousness, and if so, what is the content of their awareness, a question that can help us better understand them, their way of life, and what type of pleasures they experience. Referring back to Mill's Utilitarianism, Mill argues that higher pleasures are more desirable and more valuable than lower pleasures. Utilitarian writers, in general, agree that higher pleasures are superior to lower pleasures because they place an emphasize on mental pleasures over bodily pleasures.And in general, Utilitarian writers agree that although you can enjoy more lower pleasures, you cannot consider quality a longside quantity; the level of your happiness should depend on the quantity of your pleasures. At this point, I think it would be fair to say that animals posses some form of primary or basic consciousness, perhaps the most simple evidence to support this claim can be found in Frith et al. ‘s study. â€Å"Gestures and movements can be made with a deliberate communicative intent†¦This realization of the significance of communication as a source of evidence about conscious feelings and thoughts ntails a simple transfer to animals of the basic methods by which we infer what our human companions are thinking or feeling† (pg 12. ) Animals communicate a variety of thoughts and feelings, proving that they possess some form of primary or basic consciousness. And because animals possess some form of primary consciousness, it would be fair to say that animals experience some for of sensual experiences, or what Mill would define as lower pleasures.Another piece of evidence t hat supports the claim that animals posses some form of primary or basic consciousness, can be seen in Weir et al's experiment. In this experiment, it is shown how birds communicate through their own distinct behavior; it is shown how birds are able to adapt to an experimentally given environment. Two birds were presented with a bucket full of food, the bucket was placed at the bottom of a transparent vertical tube that could not be reached without their beak's alone. The birds were then presented with two wires, one with a straight end, and the other with a bent end that formed a hook.The food was much easier to obtain with the nook endea wire. I ne Temale Dlra was always presented wltn tne stralgnt end, ana he male bird was always presented with the hooked end; however, the female bird was able to adapt to her environment and bend the end of her wire so that her wire was also hooked at the end. When only two straight wires were presented to the birds, the female bird was able to a dapt and bend the wire to better reach her food, without any example or lead from the male bird's wire.Through this experiment, it is clear that the female bird was able to adapt to her given environment. Her primary consciousness accompanied her form of perception, and influenced her action. â€Å"She had no model to imitate and, to our knowledge, no pportunity for hook making to emerge by chance shaping or reinforcement of randomly generated behavior† (pg 12. ) It is clear to see that the female bird perceived her goals as desirable; she saw that she needed food, and she made conscious adjustments in order to attain her goal.Her primary consciousness influenced her form of action. Linking back to Mill's Utilitarianism, lower pleasures only require a simple, primary form a consciousness. New Evidence of Animal Consciousness argues that primary consciousness is, â€Å"The state or facility of being mentally conscious or aware of anything† (pg 6. The article argues thro ugh controlled experiments that animals can possess a primary form of consciousness. And because animals possess a form of simple, basic consciousness, they also possess the ability to experience lower pleasures.Animal's possess the full mental capacity to live their lives to facilitate the highest level of their lower pleasures. Higher pleasures are unique to human beings. Human beings possess the inapt mental capacity to experience a form of pleasure derived from our intellect. Higher pleasures require some minimum of cognitive capacities to enjoy; because human eings have high cognitive capacities, we are capable of reaching higher levels of pleasure than animals.In the book Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill, Mill argues that higher pleasures can only be experienced by human beings because we possess some minimum of cognitive capacities; and that lower pleasures, such as sex, food, and sleep, can be experienced by any living that has a primary or basic conscious. Through control led experiences, it is argued in New Evidence of Animal Consciousness that animals do possess some form of primary consciousness enabling them to experience these lower pleasures that Mill describes.

Department store Essay

â€Å"What I Heard at the Discount Department Store† ─David Budbill.  Q: How soon do you understand that a character, other than the poet, speaks this poem? What is her tone and how do you know it? In David Budbill’s poem, â€Å"What I Heard at the Discount Department Store†, it is evident by line six that someone other than the poet speaks this poem. The poem starts off in first person. The character is an angry mother â€Å"dealing† with her young child in a discount department store. Stop it. I mean it. You know I do. If you don’t stop, I’ll give you fucking something to cry about right here and don’t think I won’t either (lines 2-5). This displays how the character which is obviously the mother is speaking and it also displays her anger and frustration. The poem continues on and the point of view changes and as the reader, I became the spectator. â€Å"So she did. She slapped him across the face. / And you could hear the snap of flesh against the flesh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (6-7). Understanding that both the poet and the character are speaking in this poem occurs early on and it isn’t until the poem redirects back to first person point of view, that it is understood that there are two speakers in this poem. Budbill emphasizes the tone of the mother’s character (anger and frustration) by the words he chose for the mother to say. In line three of the poem she drops her first â€Å"f-bomb† and does so again in line 20, which is  followed by another curse word. â€Å"You can get away with fucking murder there, / but you can’t get away with shit like that with me† (20-21). It is obvious that she is angry by the words she is using with her young child and it is also evident that she is frustrated with her child’s behavior. The mother’s frustration is demonstrated through line 16-21 when she explains how her child is not at school, where she believes him to get away with misbehavior, and that he is now with his mother where no misbehavior is accepted, â€Å"You’re not in school anymore. / You’re with your mother now† (18-19). The tone of the mother’s character is displayed through her choice of words and how she speaks so aggressively to her son.

Diabetes and Globalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diabetes and Globalization - Research Paper Example The Harvard School of Public Health (n.d) defines globalization as "Inexorable spread of knowledge, technology, culture, and capital from country to country" (para. 1). In layman's terms, diabetes is caused by a disproportion of energy in the body whereby very little calories are burned by the body. In other words, physical activity is imperative when it comes to preventing diabetes. Globalization has increased trade between countries and has thus made food more available at cheaper prices. The cost and availability of food shape people's preferences and can contribute to diabetes (Harvard School of Public Health, para. 5). This, in other words, increases people's access to high caloric foods which are the major contributors to diabetes. Other than shaping people's food preferences, globalization has made it easier for international fast-food companies to spread from the developed countries to developing countries (Harvard School of Public Health, para. 5). This further increases peo ple's access to fattening foods creating an increase in obesity and diabetes.   Candib (2007) asserts that globalization goes hand in hand with urbanization. People are increasingly moving to urban areas in search of better business and job opportunities. When people move to urban areas, they end up adopting a sedentary lifestyle. Subsequently, they have no time for cooking a healthy meal by the time they get home due to exhaustion. In fact, most people prefer buying food from restaurants and fast food outlets than to cooking.  Ã‚  

Catholic Social Teaching and the Interpretation of it by the Essay

Catholic Social Teaching and the Interpretation of it by the Liberation Theologians - Essay Example The social discrimination and inequality were harshly criticized by the church through its doctrines and Catholic Social teaching is considered as one of the major doctrines of the church on social concerns. Catholic Social Teaching is a term to denote the Catholic’s relationships between the state and the religion. Precisely speaking it is the teaching of the Church on many social justice issues which are there in the society. The teachings of the church have been taken by many organizations and so the church gives a vivid picture of its social teaching based on the true faith in the son of God. The present article tries to bring out the salient features of Catholic Social Teaching (CST) and makes out the differences between the Catholic theology and Liberation theology in the CST. Catholic Social Teaching Catholic Social teaching is considered as the greatest gift of the Roman Catholic Church to the world. The concern of Church over the social justice is visible in the teach ing. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops states that, â€Å"Catholic social teaching is based on and inseparable from our understanding of human life and human dignity. Every human being is created in the image of God and redeemed by Jesus Christ, and therefore is invaluable and worthy of respect as a member of the human family† (United States conference of Catholic Bishops, 2011). ... Pope in the letter stresses the concepts of equality and dignity in the social realm. He in a way stood for the common people who were working in many factories and land owners. He said in the letter as given in the article by Patrick Harrington as, â€Å"To defraud a man of the wage which is his due is to commit a grievously sinful act which cries out to heaven for vengeance† (Cooney, 2002, p.9). So by the term the Church wanted to involve state for upholding justice in the society thereby giving justice to workers in terms of wage and equality. The present Pope Benedict XVI through his Encyclical letter, ‘Caritas in Veritate’ (Charity in Truth) speaks a new dimension to the social teaching of the Catholicism. In the Encyclical Pope recalls â€Å"charity is the heart of Church’s social doctrine.† He added, â€Å"a Christianity of charity without truth would be more or less interchangeable with a pool of good sentiments, helpful for social cohesion, but of little relevance† (Catholic Social Teaching, n.d.). So the present Pope gives utmost importance to the truth in life and in social circles. He adds the gospel’s teachings to the social teaching which makes out more clarification to the doctrine. Principles of Catholic Social Teaching The Church has well established the principles of the social teaching through its different letters and books. The key principles, based on the teachings of Christ and the Apostles, proclaim the Christian beliefs intact. The Church in no way supports the ideologies of communism and capitalism with its social teaching. The atheistic aspect of communism is strongly objected by the church and on the other hand it does not support the individualistic aspects of capitalism. The church stands as

Diversity in Contemporary Feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Diversity in Contemporary Feminism - Essay Example The works reflect the priorities and opinions of four feminist authors, revealing some consistent ideas of and goals for the feminist movement, yet also manifesting different perspectives on how feminist ideology can and should be defined and realized. To begin, a recurrent thread in, and indeed the prominent thrust of all four readings, is the need to challenge and undermine the heterosexual value system embedded in our society. In "Lesbian Ethics," Sarah Hoagland succinctly explains heterosexualism as a "way of living" that accepts a balance between men "dominating and de-skilling women" and women "consequently valuing an ethics of dependence" (452). As such, men are always in the role of either protector or predator, thereby creating a self-perpetuating system of men preying on women, the victims, who thus require the protection of men (Hoagland 452-53). And, the woman who bravely attempts to break this vicious pattern by refusing to play the feminine role, such as the active feminist, is perceived as having surrendered her need for protection, thereby subjecting herself to the attacks of her predators (Hoagland 453-54). Such women suffer from a "vocabulary of abuse" (Ruddick 450) and erroneous depictions that not only indict t heir judgment and character (Ruddick 450), but threaten their physical safety as well (Hoagland 453-54). From this heterosexual value system arises a "concept of 'woman'" (Hoagland 456) that these four feminists recognize as an absolute deterrent to their ideas and goals. According to Hoagland, our current perceptions lack an awareness of female power, an understanding of the violence that women as a group suffer, and a sense of female resistance to male domination (457). It is this concept, depicting women as breeding sex objects with male-defined identities and values, that Hoagland seeks to destroy (458-60). Similarly, in "Feminism and the Environment: An Overview of the Issues," Karen J. Warren discusses theories of how the conceptualization of women and nature accounts for the historical domination of both (497). Warren recognizes that certain theorists have espoused the belief that our society perceives that which is associated with emotion, women and nature as inferior to that which is associated with rationality and men (497). Moreover, the tendency to discuss nature in terms that are both female and dominating - "[n]ature is raped, mastered, conquered, controlled, mined," "[v]irgin timber is felled," "[f]ertile soil is tilled," and unproducing land is "barren" - has given rise to an "oppressive conceptual framework" that has effected and perpetuated societal domination of women and nature by men (Warren 497, 501). The relevance of this same, oppressive concept of woman and its impact on the development of feminist theory is recognized and expanded by Bell Hooks in "Black Women: Shaping Feminist Theory." For Hooks, though, the formation of feminist ideology and its definition of "woman," originally dominated and skewed by white feminists who had more access to education, funds, and an audience than did black women, does not reflect the realities of the struggles and oppressions prevalent in society today (487). Indeed, according to Hooks, white women tend to maintain and perpetuate the

Metropolitan Museum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Metropolitan Museum - Essay Example It also has a dark violet footpath and a green foreground, with bananas on the left (Tinterow and Galitz 164) This paper aims at analyzing Ia Orana Maria (hail Mary) by Paul Gauguin and comparing it to Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints by Raphael Santi. This piece of artwork is an abstract art given the nature of its theme. This can be explained by the fact that it has its subject from reality but with presentation is different from the perspective in reality. The artist has widely made use of Post-Impressionism, which is the implication of colors and definitive forms with the aim of expressing emotions. This is highly evident in the choice of intensity of color on the faces of Jesus and Mary. This piece of art can be categorized as religious. This is because of the involvement of Jesus and His mother, Mary. Jesus and Mary are known to be associated with Christianity thus the reason for categorizing this piece of art as religious. The piece of art depicts an angel revealing the identity of Jesus and Mary to two Haitian women (Sayre 87). This picture might not have a narrative as we are informed that the artist based much of the content of this piece of art on a photograph of a bas-relief in the temple of the Javanese, situated in Borobudur. This piece of art is an oil on canvas painting with a height of 113.7 cm and width of 87.6 cm. it is located at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York USA. The art piece can be found on the credit line: Bequest of Sam A. Lewisohn, 1951(Sayre 63). Its identification number is 51.112.2. This piece of art was originally meant for some religious or cultural temple because of the religious nature of the subject. Have it had been in a temple the dimensions would have greatly changed. Both the height and the length would have decreased since it will probably not be used for public display. This would also be because the purpose would not have been commercial. This piece of art has Mary with baby Jesus on her shoulder as the focal point. The piece of art has its focal point to the right of the image (Sayre 183). This is to avoid making the focal point dull to look at. The artist also chose brighter colors, for the focal point just to make sure that it remained visible. The printing is also asymmetric because the artist restricts his decisions to the sense of balance. This is evident in the choice of color, texture, value, shape, and size. The artist has used implied line in the development of this painting. This has mainly been applied to emphasize on curves, for instance, on the faces of the people on the art piece the artist uses implied lines to show the nose and the eyelids. The artist has also used contour lines in drawing the angel. This significantly shows that the angel is in motion. This is because of the unclear nature of the angel’s image. The contour lines also help conveying an imaginary three-dimension nature of the angel’s image. The images in this piece of art are highly i llusive. The artist has applied simple overlapping in the case of baby Jesus and His mother, Mary. This enables the artist to achieve an illusionary two-dimension image. The artist has also used the relative size of the images to create an illusion on space. The two women relatively smaller than Mary in this piece of art depict them being further. This is done intestinally to illusionary create the

Should the United States go to war in 1917 Essay

Should the United States go to war in 1917 - Essay Example All of these reasons should prevent the United States from entering the war. The first reason not to go to war would be Germany’s degree of threat. Germany has a low level of threat level towards the U.S. Germany’s fight is not with the U.S. If the U.S. went to war over a country that is non-threatening, it would only waste our resources to fight real threats on U.S. soil. It is true that German submarines killed American citizens. However, these American citizens were on British vessels. Warnings have been issued for American citizens to stay off of British ships. If the U.S. went to war with every country that killed American citizens as a by product of war, it would be the U.S. against the world. Charles Schwab, president of Bethlehem Steel, one of the world’s largest arms merchants, took a profitable trip to London. There, he secured orders from the British government for millions of artillery shells, as well as ten 500-ton submarines. Though the construction of such foreign vessels broke the law, Bethlehem proceeded with it and the Wilson administration did not stop them. (Dwyer) Unless the Imperial Government should now immediately declare and effect an abandonment of its present methods of submarine warfare against passenger and freight-carrying vessels, the Government of the United States can have no choice but to sever diplomatic relations with the German Empire altogether (Bass). This alone could be a strong enough message. This and stronger warnings for Americans to stay off of British vessels could save lives. Going to war would only put American lives at risk for another country’s fight. Democracy is a precious thing. If the U.S. goes to war, they will jeopardize this precious gift our forefathers gave us. The only reason to go to war would be the threat of losing our way of democracy. Germany does not threaten it. The only threat is the people who want to go to war. The

Computer Communications & Networks Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Computer Communications & Networks - Lab Report Example The devices are called end devices or more correctly hosts; which are either the destinations or sources of information transmitted via a network so accessing a network or site remotely involves three elements; a source or sender, a destination and a medium which is the channel through which the data is transmitted. The data transmitted can be in the form of text, graphics, voice or video which are converted into a language the computer understands called binary bits (data is transmitted as a zero or a one: 0I). The bits are then ‘programmed’ or coded into signals or data packets that can be transmitted through a medium over a network. Now sending data as one continuous stream will mean that no other data or devices can use the medium while the data is being transmitted just like a pipeline; if it is delivering gasoline, it cannot at the same time deliver liquid petroleum gas; so the data is broken into smaller packets; a process called segmentation which allows many dif ferent data to be transmitted concurrently, this is called multiplexing and segmenting data enhances network reliability so data is not lost easily whenever a break in communication occurs (â€Å"3rd Symposium on Networked Systems design and Implementation (NSDI’06), San Jose, California†). ... The one used for internet communication is called TCP/IP stack which contains four layers; Application protocols layer that is defined to applications like WWW, or FTP (File Transfer Protocol), a transmission control protocol which is responsible for directing packets of data to specific computers by using a port number. It also has an internet protocol layer that directs data bits to destinations using the IP addresses of the computers and a hardware layer that converts data into data streams or signals such as the network cards or modems. An instruction flows from the sender (computer) from the application to the transfer control protocol then to the internet protocol and finally to the hardware protocol that converts the bits of information into signals transmitted through a medium through the internet. On reaching the destination computer, the signals are converted back to binary bits through the hardware layer then to the internet protocol layer then to transfer protocol layer a nd then to the application such as a web server software. The internet is made up of many big networks called Network Service providers (NSPs0 connected together in a peer standard. The NSPs exchange data packets with each other and must connect to three network access points (NAPs) and at metropolitan Area Exchanges (MAEs) both of which are called internet exchange points (IXs). Information is then sent around these networked computers to its destinations by routers which contain information tables and switch data packets to the right destination (Serpanos and Wolf 292-302) As soon as one types the web address to be accessed into a web browser (a web browser is a program that is used for internet applications and

Samedaymay30 Peer Response DQ1AB and DQ2 NA8 Essay

Samedaymay30 Peer Response DQ1AB and DQ2 NA8 - Essay Example It is my opinion that decentralized companies are more effective and productive. The effectiveness of a centralized company is highly dependent on the skills and capabilities of the upper management team. Companies that use a centralized system typically coordinate the efforts of the company from its corporate headquarters (Lexisnexis, 2012). Your example about Ford Company was very informative and aligned with the course discussion. I agree with you that companies that want to consolidate power at the top utilize the centralized organization structure. A few years ago I worked at a company that used a centralized structure. This organization was very effective because the CEO was a charismatic leader. A charismatic leader is a person that is able to have a profound and extraordinary effect on followers due to his personal abilities (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2003). This CEO had great ideas and he utilized a tremendous strategic approach. The employees did not have power or responsibilities beyond their work duties, but most the employee were happy with the firm because the workers were respected and appreciated. An example of respect in the workplace is using people’s ideas to change or improve work (Heathfield, 2012). I have never worked in a U-form organization, but based on your description of this structure I believe that U-form organizations can be very effective in the business world. Lexisnexis.com (2012). Forms of organization: centralized vs. decentralized Retrieved May 25, 2012 from

The History of Rock and Roll Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The History of Rock and Roll - Essay Example However, crossover music may also be a combination of two dominant styles that are each distinctive. Jerry Lee Lewis' "Great Balls of Fire" went to the top 3 of the C&W, R&B, and Pop charts because it had distinctive elements of all three styles. Musical styles can sometimes be combined into 'fusion' music, such as Rockabilly, that forms a new style but is still considered a form of crossover. Crossover is important because it increases the size of the available audience. This is especially true when radio stations are categorized by genre. An audience will have a loyalty to a certain station and by getting airtime on both a rock station and a country station, the artist has doubled their exposure. This phenomena was critical to 45-RPM record sales in the 1950s. Exposure to new music was through the radio and record sales were directly linked to airtime and radio station promotion. A crossover record could double their sales or as in the case of "Great Balls of Fire", sales could triple. Elvis Presley's musical career peaked in 1960 before he left for the Army. The previous 6 years had an enormous impact on rock and roll that his later career would never have been able to capture. When Elvis signed with Sun Records in 1954, he brought the right ingredients to an environment that meshed perfectly with his style (Stuessy and Lipscomb 36). Rock and Roll had been introduced to a rebellious post war youth in an affluent economy. The 45-RPM record had made music on demand accessible for everyone and it was most popular with the younger audience. To this scene, Elvis brought his unique mix of musical talents. He had a broad range of style from Gospel to hard core Rock and Roll that held a wide appeal (Stuessy and Lipscomb 40). He could successfully blend these styles or use them independently. His physical appearance and performances were just rebellious enough to mirror James Dean and entrance the emerging TV viewers. Elvis was able to dominate the youth culture and explo it the new mediums of recording and television. After his release from the Army, Rock and Roll had taken new directions and had a life of its own. Music was getting more sophisticated and the audiences had generated expectations of a continually changing sound. His 1960s hits "In the Ghetto" and "Suspicious Minds" lacked the spark that had ignited the Rock revolution (Stuessy and Lipscomb 38). They were generic sounds that could have been performed by a dozen other artists. Though he would always remain one of the most popular figures in music, without the early years he would never have reached the success that he has today. A Good 1950s Rock and Roll Song The Rock and Roll of the 1950s was a pulling away from the Big Band era and the crooners of the 1940s. It had to be counter to those sounds. Where Big Band had been highly structured, Rock was required to have little if any structure. This often resulted in songs that were simple and direct with few chords and simple progressions. This was part of Rock's appeal. A good song needed a familiar structure that the audience could immediately relate to. Buddy Holly's "Oh Boy" was built on the I IV V chord progression that had permeated Country and Blues for decades (Stuessy and Lipscomb 30). The successful song would take these familiar progressions and escalate the tempo, timbre, and volume to create a good Rock and Roll

Integrity and honest like integral traits Essay Example for Free

Integrity and honest like integral traits Essay Integrity and honest are integral traits in an academic process and as such students must be ethical and honest at all times in their pursuit of their academic goals in line Honest Academic Conduct. A student found in contravention of this policy will receive a grade â€Å"F† for the cheated in assignment and/or a grade â€Å"F† in the course. Indeed, as certain as death and the effects of death could be certain. Certainly, death may have different and diverse effects on different people in the community and society. Indeed, death creates an environment of desperation and decay. In the Rashomon story, the different effects that death may have on different people are brought to light. The story descriptively covers the story of a black servant thrust by fate and death into desperation to survive after losing a job. Interwoven with the black servant’s fate, the effects of death are observed through the fates of the senile woman and the deceased young woman. To begin with, huge numbers of deaths reported at a place may strike as a catastrophe making people flee. For instance, the rampant deaths in Kyoto made people leave town and hence â€Å"the Rashomon sheltered at least a few others† from the impounding rain (Iglesias, Michael and Linda, 1). A few people in the town are explained by ‘one calamity†¦In recent years’ (Iglesias, Michael and Linda, 1). As a result, the Kyoto city registered massive decay following the exodus. The city also ran into a state of desperation, decay and decline. For instance, ‘people [smashed] Buddhist statues’ and piled them along the road tucked in ‘silver and gold foils and paint flecks’ selling them as firewood. Indeed, the story further expresses the turmoil that the whole city experienced, yet ‘no one bothered’ to care for the Rashomon. Worse still, rampant cases of death coupled with city decay attract wild animals and other scavengers. For instance, the exodus resulted to dilapidated structures that offered an ideal abode for badgers and foxes. Thieves also took cover in the city’s backstreets and dilapidated structures. Wanton social decay in the Kyoto city inspired the living to litter and dump ‘corpses in the upper story’ (Iglesias, Michael and Linda, 1). As a result, the entire neighbourhood became â€Å"an eerie place everyone avoided after† sunset (Iglesias, Michael and Linda, 1). This also attracted crows that â€Å"flocked in great numbers† (Iglesias, Michael and Linda, 1). The scavengers created a petrifying and grotesque scene with their pecking of the dead flesh while their white droppings created an ugly scene. Notwithstanding, rampant deaths coupled with human migration render others unemployed. For instance, the black servant sheltered from the impounding rain at the Rashomon, â€Å"had been dismissed from service some days earlier† (Iglesias, Michael and Linda, 4). Regrettably, his master had dismissed him after serving dutifully for several years. Therefore, unemployment represents â€Å"one small consequence† of the wanton deaths in Kyoto city (Boer, and Donald, 14). Besides, the black servant sat idly at the Rashomon â€Å"waiting for the rain to end† unawares of what to do once the rain stopped. He was desperate to survive and find a place to sleep without the prying eyes. Indeed, â€Å"he was determined to find a way to remain alive for an extra day† by doing all that he could (4). As the adage goes, idle minds bleed evil thoughts and hence, the black servant thought of thievery to survive. Although thievery was against his believes, and â€Å"he could not find the courage† to decide to go into thieving. Death inflicts both bodily and mental torture. The black servant confronted evil minds and ideas, but he concludes the same. The freezing evening chill was harsh against his body and he had to â€Å"drag himself to his feet† (Iglesias, Michael and Linda, 5). Worse still, the blowing evening wind was unmerciful to the freezing black servant. Constant cases of death at a decaying city as Kyoto result to careless dumping of human corpses. Often, the corpses are piled at a segregated place. True, a place with piled up decomposing human corpses is not a haven or paradise. Therefore, it is scary and unorthodox to scour through the piles plucking off their hair. The image of a â€Å"scrawny old woman, white haired and monkey-like† scouring through rotting human corpse is also pathetic and weary. However, the black servant inspired by the need to remain alive and curiosity weathered the petrifying smell and flight and approached the woman. Incessant deaths throw people into a state of panic and desperation. The scrawny old woman endured plucking human hair to survive. She plucked the hairs to make a wig perhaps to weather the harsh weather or sell and make a living. The constant desperation in the city wore on her heavily and her faced wrinkled, her eyes reddened and became predatorily sharp while she cawed like a crow in her voice. It is obvious that the perpetual deaths had hardened her body, spirit and soul alike. She was contented with plucking off and unaffectedly arguing that the corpses deserved her wrath. Through the old woman’s anecdote, readers learn that desperation as a result of the deaths drove people into different, diverse and complicated business trades. For instance, in her justification, the scrawny old woman reasoned that the young woman â€Å"cut snakes into four inch pieces† and sold them â€Å"like fish at the palace guardhouse† (Iglesias, Michael and Linda, 8). The old woman further reveals that the â€Å"fish† was a delicacy and the guards â€Å"bought it for every meal† (8). Therefore, death intervention was a necessary evil to the young woman because she stopped selling snakes. The act inspired the black servant to strike and strip the old woman robbing her of her robe despite the cold. In the event of death, a trail of human anguish, torment and desperation ensues. Constant and perpetual deaths results into social decay, ruin and migration. As a result, grotesque, ugly and petrifying scenes occasion every corner. Thieves compete with wild animals and scavengers for structures and corpses to feed. Above all, human’s humane sense disappears and selfishness settles all as a result of death. References Boer, Jelle, and Donald Theodore Sanders. Volcanoes in human history: the far-reaching effects of major eruptions. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002. Print. Iglesias, Luis A., Michael Mays, and Linda M. Pierce Allen. Global crossroads: a world literature reader. Revised edition ed. Southlake, TX: Fountainhead Press, 2008. Print. Source document

Friends and the play of Nevilles Island Essay Example for Free

Friends and the play of Nevilles Island Essay The hit sitcom Friends started ten years ago when we were first introduced to Monica, Rachael, Phoebe, Chandler, Ross and Joey and today I am going to compare the sitcom of Friends with the play of Nevilles Island which was written by Tim Firth. Nevilles Island is not only a play. It has also been recently made into a film starring Timothy Spall, Martin Clunes, Jeff Rawle and David Bamber. Friends on the other hand was written and still remains for television and for the past ten years it has been broadcast over the Atlantic to millions of eager viewers both in America and the U. K. In America Friends is broadcast over the television network of NBC compared to the U.K where it is received through Channel 4. When we first observe the film of Nevilles Island we are introduced to four businessmen, who, when their boat sinks, find themselves stranded on a small island, called Rampsholme in the middle of the Lake Districts Derwent Water. The Four Characters in Nevilles Island are on a team-building weekend, they are Neville, (Jeff Rawle), has become the elected Captain of the group, who then proves he is unfit for his position when he leads the team in the wrong direction. He does his best to maintain order in the groups arguments, and works well as a go-between as he proves to be very reasonable with his fellow peers, and he seems to be the most adjusted member of the group to island life, He is dressed in an Anorak and wears glasses. He tries his hardest to keep the peace between Angus and Gordon, (Timothy Spall) who is extremely sarcastic towards his fellow peers and seems to pick up on every little flaw in their character, which later show him to be a bully, his cruel sarcasm gives us ma ny funny moments throughout the play of Nevilles island, such as all Christians are like Radio hams. Gordon seems to have many rants at his fellow colleagues most of which result in handbags at dawn style tension between him and Angus, (David Bamber) whom at the start of the play; he comes across as a good-natured person who is full of optimism. Angus seems to have dressed out of the camp shop side of his wardrobe so to speak as he is dressed constantly in cagoules, anoraks and knitted hats. Angus turns out to be a bit sad as he seems to bore everyone stiff, with his numerous attempts at cracking jokes. Also, later in the play where all hope seems to have to been lost he suddenly reveals a hidden sausage, which in the heating of proves to be very funny. He may also later have hindered the groups rescue as he seems to have bought the entire stock of a camping shop and told nobody about it, his shopping list includes a 18-inch knife, climbing ropeand for some reason unbeknown to his fellow standees..a dinner suit! Roy, (Martin Clunes), is a born-again Christian who has an un-kempt appearance. Roy has recently returned to work following a prolonged breakdown, after the death of his mother, Lucy, he literally hangs onto his sanity and Gordons rant about how old people only become religious because they are scared stiff, and there just grabbing, grabbing, grabbing at the rope, and no-ones holding the other end doesnt help either as this near-enough sends Roy into a relapse, and he disappears into the undergrowth with an 18-inch knife, so the group fear he may do something to harm himself, but later he is found, sat up a tree wearing only his underwear, but after he returns the knife to Neville, they fear he may take his own life again as Angus almost mile long piece of rope has gone missing, and they think he may hang himself he also reveals to Neville that he helped his mother to end her own lifeRoy is also a keen birdwatcher, and he takes his time on the island to observe a rare falcon, and is called amongst many other things by GordonDoo-lally Friends is all about 6 friends who all live in the same block of apartments in New York, the show takes us through their individual strengths, weaknesses, problems and goalsmost of all their intertwining relationships with each other. The characters in friends are Joey Tribbiani (Matt Leblanc.) Joey is broad-shouldered, wide-eyed and thick-headed. Joey comes from New York and is a lover who has had many partners. Joey is a not-so-good actor who never has to play-act being a good guy or a better friend, but he wants to hit the big-time as an actor. He is cheeky, and most of his jokes are sexually orientated, followed by hand gestures. Joey is sarcastic. Chandler Bing (Matthew Perry) Wise-cracks, and sets off development in characters storyline. Chandler appears to be over-qualified at work and he seems to be afraid of wife Monica. Chandler gives really bad advice. Ross Geller (David Schwimmer) Ross is the personification of an intellectual geek as he is an expert in Palaeontology. Ross is still looking for love after 3 divorces. He has always loved Rachael. Ross is quite nerdy, and (most of the time) sticks to the rule book. Rachael Green (Jennifer Aniston), Rachael comes across as an IT/ Daddys girl. She dithers a lot, and is meant to be with Ross, even though they have drifted apart many times. Monica Geller Bing (Courtney Cox Arquette) used to be a high-school fatty, but now has slimmed down to obsessive and cleaning mad Monica. She is a good sister to Ross and a friend to everyone. After marrying Chandler, Monica seems to have made him find his maturity. Phoebe Buffay Hannigan (Lisa Kudrow) a hippie chick who has led a traumatic life, her mother killed herself, her stepfather went to prison, and she lived on the streets for some of her life. She drives people mad with her out-of-key folk songs that she writes with her guitar. Phoebe can be quite dippy, but she is kind-hearted, a good spirit, and seems to take everyday as it comes. She near enough floats around and I think would have fit in perfectly in the 60s. Very off-the-wall. The sitcom of friends is set in New York and it appears to be aimed at the younger generations of the 90s and 00s, this is mainly caused by its humour and that the characters themselves are very young. In comparison to this the play of Nevilles Island is set in a remote island in the middle of a lake in the Lake District and its characters are all middle-aged around 40 years old and Nevilles Island, I think can appeal to all ages as the comedy and mishaps that occur between the four characters of Angus, Roy, Gordon and Neville could almost happen to anybody of any age. The four men in Nevilles Island are all executives of a water company and they have been sent on this team-building exercise. The friendships in either drama are very different, as the 6 friends in Friends are all immensely close and after being so for ten years they appear to have a love for each other which comes with a bond that makes their friendships so special to them, even though the group is half men, half women apart from sexual tension between Monica and Chandler, Ross and Rachael this appears to not affect their friendships whatsoever. These bonds of friendship could not be more different than in the play of Nevilles Island by Tim Firth as the four colleagues seem to have been forced to be together and this creates lots of tension between them particularly with Roy and Gordon with his rants about all Christians are like radio-hams. The four colleagues seem to be each putting up with each other constantly and we get a sense that if they had not worked in the same workplace, these four individuals would never had considered becoming friends with each other. The Two dramas of Friends and Nevilles Island have been written in the same decade and they include many moral issues and information about current affairs for example the mood of Friends was slightly changed for a while during the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks on the World trade centres. The home life/lifestyle has affected the personalities of all the characters in either drama such as Phoebe is slightly mad and sometimes eccentric. This may have been caused by her circumstances as a child as her mother killed herself, her stepfather went to prison, and she lived on the streets for some of her life. In Nevilles Island we see Gordon who appears to bully most people he sees by picking up on every flaw in their character and using it as ammunition against them, Gordon appears to be in denial as in fact he is very lonely but refuses to admit this. There are many themes/issues that arise from the two dramas of Nevilles Island and Friends such as Status; in Friends the 6 characters stand almost as individuals and they respect each other because of it and apart from minute outbursts from such characters as Monica giving rants about Crummies, but this is simply a part of Monicas character and does not distinguish her as having more power over fellow friends. In contrast to this there is use of Status/Power in Nevilles Island, and this comes mainly from the character Gordon bullying people and bossing them about. Gordon is not however the chosen leader of the group, who is Neville but Gordon, underestimates his given authority on the island and simply does what he wants and says what he wants regardless of their feelings. Gordon always makes sarcastic and negative comments about his fellow colleagues; this makes him feel superior and powerful to the rest of the group. Friendship is a key theme in both pieces of drama as in Friends, the entire purpose of the sitcom is to display the friendship between the 6 characters however Nevilles Island meddles with the idea of leaving work-place politics behind in order the group of them to survive, whilst on the island though we realise that this group of colleagues dont actually like each other and seem to have been forced into this team-building weekend. There are many relationships in both pieces of drama, some sexual but some arise form tension and the clash of personalities like that in Nevilles Island between Roy and Gordon. Gordon is convinced that Roy is faking his religion for attention/acceptance and goes on many rants about this for example when he tells Roy that all Christians are like radio-hams. Gordon continues to cause tension between the group when there is a clash of personalities between Angus and himself as Angus is constantly trying to tell jokes, but none of them are funny as Angus often gets the joke mixed-up, this irritates Gordon even further, and he reached the height of his irritation when he discovers that Angus seems to have an entire camping shop worth of supplies in his backpack, along with climbing rope, an 18-inch macheteand even a 3-piece dinner suit! Gordon continues to irritate Angus by simply picking on him, but this ends when Gordon accuses Angus wife of being adulterous and that right now she is screaming in ecstasy on the bread shelf in Sainsburys. Relationships in Friends that are of a sexual sense come from Ross and Rachael as since the beginning of the series they have been attracted to each other and after 3 divorces Ross seems to have found his perfect match, this applies to Rachael; and in the final episode Ross and Rachael finally get together. Another relationship in the sitcom Friends comes from Monica and Chandler, they get married and later find out that they cannot have children so in the final series they have a surrogate mother and she agrees to give them her baby, but when the baby is being born in the final episode they find out that instead of one baby, they are having twins. The two remaining friends who do not get it together are Joey and Phoebe, there has never been an attraction between them and Phoebe marries a man called Mike and becomes Phoebe Buffay-Hannigan. Co-operation plays a big part in the play of Nevilles Island by Tim Firth, the entire purpose of the team-building is to bring the four characters together as a team, so that they can co-operate together in this or any environment, but this proves difficult as the four colleagues are completely incompatible and in the end simply get on each others nerves. The characters in Friends co-operate completely with each other, they help each other out in any circumstances and they work together perfectly. The social context of the sitcom Friends by David Crane takes us through an entire decade of events through the years of 1994 -2004. Friends is set in the city of New York and focuses on city life and the glamorous lifestyles of 6 friends in coffee culture which is centred around their meeting place a coffee house by the name of Central Perk. The social context of Friends takes us before, during and through the aftermath of the 11th September attacks on the World Trade Centre, which all Americans including the characters in friends come out of this very patriotic. The Sitcom of Friends focuses more on the social lives of the friends rather than their work places, this is mainly shown through Chandler as we get a sense that he is successful in his job, but this is shrouded in mystery as we never find out what he does or indeed what his workplace looks like. A convention of an American sitcom is that it shows Americans in an ideal lifestyle and there is no hint of poverty or depravation and they appear to be at the higher middle-class and American viewers hope to aspire to this. These conventions are used in the sitcom Friends. Friends is filmed in a studio and no-matter-what shot is used, we never get to see that elusive other wall in contrast to this in the play Nevilles Island the weather appears to mirror the emotions of the characters, this is pathetic fallacy, and instead of being filmed in a studio, Nevilles Island is filmed in a natural environment on location. Nevilles Island is set in the 1990s and in a rural setting as the entire play occurs outdoors. Nevilles Island is set in the time where John Major from the conservative party was Prime Minister, and the negative attitudes towards the situations used through Gordon mirror that of the time as John Major was trying to shake off and fight Margaret Thatchers Everyone for themselves view. Nevilles Island is a black comedy as it uses the juxtaposition of morbid and farcical elements to give a certain effect. The humour within Nevilles Island is created because of the contrasting characters and the way that they interact with each other. Each character has their own individual sense of humour; Gordon possesses a sarcastic, negative and almost child-like sense of humour. Angus jokes are more centred on farcical subjects that when told arent very funny at all, but they appear to have been funny in Angus head as he laughs at his own jokes a lot. Roy doesnt really have a sense of humour as he appears to be too wrapped up in his religion, but sometimes he can appear to be quite argumentative and almost psychotic. The sitcom Friends is also centred on comedy and the humour is directed at and centred on the characters. The characters all respond differently to different situations but comedy is usually created by the use of facial expressions, accents, off-the-wall comments and the immense use of timing and pauses. From both plays there are many ideas that I would like to experiment with and include in my improvisation unit of Stranded, such as * Being stranded * Comedy/Sarcasm * Characters, with similarities to that of Nevilles Island and friends * One of the characters has a secret. * Tension * The types of characters that have been created for example Joeys use of timing and comments, Monicas obsessiveness, Phoebes eccentrics, Roys almost psychotic state of mind and his belief in religion or Gordons sarcasm and use of negative comments. The themes used within these two dramas, for example I have decided to base my Stranded improvisation work to create a piece that is focused on a shipwreck, like that of Nevilles Island. The different social settings have interested me and I understand how they affect the piece, we have decided to set our drama on a ship that is in the middle of the Irish Sea and it is full of escaped convicts/murderers that steal the boat and hold its occupier hostage, who for coincidence the criminals know, They are all Irish.

History of Democracy and Human Rights

History of Democracy and Human Rights This essay is going to be about some of the philosophers whose thoughts about democracy and human rights affected the declaration of human rights, and also about the deceleration itself. The first evidence of Human rights were given by Cyrus the great around 539 BC. After conquering Babylon he had the Cyrus cylinder created stating that he overthrew the old king and that he had greatly improved the lives of Babylonians. This is considered to be one of the first human rights charters as it is said that Cyrus freed slaves and said that every one should have freedom of religion. Whether it was put into action scholars disagree about, some say it is propaganda to win the hearts of his newly conquered city. Nonetheless he was the first leader to have those ideas. Democracy means people rule in Greek and ancient Greece is considered to be the home of democracy. But only a few select were allowed to vote. Is that really people rule? Plato was sceptic to people rule and thought that people were not to be trusted with power as they are easily swayed by strong leaders. In Platos masterpiece The Republic he suggests many different types of government and today it would not be a good manual for a good government as Plato strived for an utopian society. The governments suggested in The Republic do not resemble modern republics and constitutional monarchies. But some dictatorships can resemble Platos Utopia. Plato however suggested that women and men should have equal rights which is very relevant to human rights. Aristotle, unlike Plato, was not concerned with creating a perfect society. He wanted to improve the existing one. However he was, like Plato also sceptical towards democracy or mob rule. In Aristotles ideal state an Enlightened king would rule alongside the help of an Educated Aristocracy and a Popular Assembly that respected the rule of law. This idea resembles the current U.S. Model. Aristotle however believed that it was the womans role to obey as it was for the mans to command. Other philosophers are John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, we can clearly see similarities between their ideas, and how our modern society is formed. Thomas Hobbes believed that: Each man must be contented with so much liberty against other men as he would allow other men against himself , that is similar to the golden rule: Treat others as you wish to be treated yourself. Hobbes lived in the time when the English civil war took place, he believed that humans are greedy and evil. John Locke on the other hand, believed that people are good and tolerant. He said that: People are free to do whatever they want as long as they do not damage someone elses: life, health, liberty or possessions. He also believed that : Everyone must agree to hand over power to one central authority whose job it is to impose the law and severely punish law-breakers. John Locke had a more optimistic view on mankind whilst Thomas Hobbes had a more negative view on man. Hobbes would compare man to beasts except for one difference, man was always competing for honour and dignity: Are continually in competition for honour and dignity (Leviathan, XVII, p.111) These philosophers may not have directly affected the democracy we have today, but with their ideas they are sure to have influenced many other thinkers in helping to create the government we have today. It has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried. Winston Churchill. The universal declaration of human rights was born on December 10, 1958 and is not a legally binding document. It was not made legally binding because if it was then no countries would have adopted it. As it is today the countries that want to make it legal can only do so by incorporating it into the constitution. Article one and two can be seen as the foundation blocks of the human rights. They are negative rights because they restrict people from discrimination. The articles state that: everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this declaration. The main point of the two articles is that everyone are equal and free without any form of discrimination. The ideas about equality between men and women can be found in Platos ideas about equality women should be treated equally with men Articles 3, 4 and 5 state that everybody should be secure and free and that nobody should be denied their security and freedom. The problem with these articles is that they are very vague and can be interpreted differently by each country. A topic that is widely discussed is abortion, the declaration of human rights clearly state that everyone has the right to live. But when does that right take action? When the child is conceived or when the child is born? Article 26 discusses the issue of education. It goes back to the foundation blocks saying that everyone has the equal right to education no matter what sex, race or nationality. It also says that the guardians have the authority to the education for their child, until they come of legal age. The right to education can be seen in Jeremy Benthams ideas, he called for right to education for all Article 17 talks about the right to own property and not to be deprived of it without any concrete evidence. This right could be based on John Lockes idea about property and profit: private ownership of property and profit meaning that no government or state has the right to claim your property and profit. Article 21 consists of positive rights that give you the right to affect the choice of government. It gives you the right to vote no matter sex or race and to do so anonymously and free of cost. Jeremy Bentham believed in voting rights for working men and women. Thomas Hobbes and the natural law tradition by norberto bobbio 1993 i think and translated by Daniela Gobetti

Costa Rica and the CBD :: Government Essays

Costa Rica and the CBD Introduction Costa Rica has been well ahead of other developing countries with its environmental policies. Its involvement with the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was in part due to the fact that the country had already been complying with many of the stipulations the convention put forward. In order to understand Costa Rica's environmental leadership one must first understand the history of the CBD and of Costa Rica's environmental policies, and the implications the CBD has had on Costa Rica . It is also important to discuss the increasing role of non-governmental organizations within Costa Rica for changing and creating environmental policy. Even though Costa Rica had advanced environmental policies before the creation of the CBD, the CBD has been important in jumpstarting more international relations between Costa Rica and other countries as well as with other international organizations. Costa Rica worked with international organizations before the ratification of the CBD, but they were more prevalent after the conference. Background to the CBD In 1992 the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. One of the most important outcomes of Earth Summit was the creation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the enactment of the convention one year later. The CBD was the first global agreement for the conservation and the sustainable use of biological diversity. It identifies a set of problems, goals and policies that are common to states worldwide. Its three main goals are: to ensure the conservation of biodiversity; to require the sustainable use of the components of biodiversity; and to share the benefits from the commercial utilization of genetic resources in a fair way ("Text of CBD"). These goals were not new for Costa Rica. It is very important to consider the needs of developing countries when drafting international legislation regarding biological diversity because most of the world's biological diversity is found in developing countries. A reason for the c reation of the CBD was the global demand to protect biodiversity and one its provisions is that states have a sovereign right over biodiversity resources. Both of these factors are important when looking at where environmental policy is today because many developed countries who are not home to a significant amount of biodiversity are still concerned with it and that is why they want to impose regulations on the maintenance of biodiversity in other countries.

Genetic Factors and Criminal Behavior Essay -- essays research papers

In this article the two authors research the connection between genetic factors and criminal behavior. They look at the causes that make someone act in a criminal way. There are several factors looked at in connection to the cause such as social factors and environmental variables. The social factors being the more examined of the two. They hypothesized that other factors in performance or alone with environmental variables would lead to better understanding of why some people become criminal. The genetic factor of influence due to mental disorders was posed to have a slight role in affecting people to show criminal behavior. Another cause looked at was the combination of genetic and environmental factors, with a possible result of having a higher risk for criminal behavior. They also explore the myths about the connection between genetic factors and criminal behavior. The first myth they looked at was â€Å"Identifying the Role of Genetics in Criminal Behavior Implies That There Is a â€Å"Crime Gene.†Ã¢â‚¬  This myth is dismissed because of the unlikelihood that that a single gene is responsible for criminal behavior. The second myth they look at is â€Å"Attributing Crime to Genetic Factors is Deterministic.† This myth is also easily dismissed because of the fact that just because someone has a predisposition to a certain behavior doesn’t mean that the person will take on that behavior. They also look at Genetic Epidemiological Studies. These three studies deal with twins in relation to th...

FAMILY STRUCTURE AND NURTURE IN NEPAL AND IN THE USA :: Essays Papers

FAMILY STRUCTURE AND NURTURE IN NEPAL AND IN THE USA The meaning of family varies from place to place and from culture to culture. One all-encompassing definition that describes every type of family across the board does not exist. For instance, in places like China children can be raised apart from their father and mother in a group of women, but still count themselves a family. Alan C. Acock in his book Family Diversity and Well Being states that a married couple with no children is not considered a family (122), but some married couples may contest this theory. In fact, there are more variations on modern family structure than ever before, including non-traditional families where grandparents raise their grandchildren, adoptive families, foster families, and blended families with children from two or more sets of parents (â€Å"Power Tools†). Despite the challenges faced by many families today, I believe that the children of the current generation—known as Generation Y—can thrive as long as they receive nur ture and enrichment from their family members. As a member of Generation Y myself, I speak from first-hand experience. In the following paragraphs, I will give an account of my own upbringing in Nepal that led to my current status as a college student in the USA. I will also briefly describe family structures in America, and compare them to Nepali family structure. In the end, I propose that nurture is the key to producing well-adjusted children today, regardless of family type or where the children are raised. In Nepal, I experienced both the progressive style of family living and the older medieval style where custom and tradition count first no matter what. More than 90% of the people in Nepal who were born between 1978 and 1998 (the Generation Y youth) still live in old medieval-style families where cultural rules govern everyday life. The people of Nepal are socially segmented along lines of caste, sub-caste and ethnicity, and values and traditions also differ from one caste to another. In my caste, called Gurung, it would be permissible for me to marry my own uncle or aunt’s daughter, culturally speaking. Other castes, especially Brahmin, consider marriage between cousins a sin—something very bad. My ancestors practiced these kinds of marriages within a family in order to make the existing family stronger and inseparable.

Marketing Institute of Singapore (MIS) Essay

Organization Analysis – Assignment (40%) Culture and Mechanistic An organisation’s culture is not imposed but develops through social interaction. Critically evaluate this statement in relation to the Culture and Mechanistic perspectives. Introduction Every organization relies on its resources to manage and run the business. There are four typical types of resources – Human resource, financial resource, physical resource and technical resource. The ultimate challenge is achieving the organizational goals effectively and efficiently through careful planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of the organizational resources. When the resources are managed well, the business will grow, generate more opportunities and increase productivity. The culture of a company leads the company to its goals. Culture can be managed or left unmanaged depending on the mindset of the leaders of the organization. Culture Perspective Culture is existent in any society. Culture is the learned characteristics of a particular group of people. It can be defined by everything from the language they speak, religion, cuisine, social habits and lifestyle. Culture is developed through the way people grow and socialize in their environment. http://www.studymode.com/subjects/types-of-resources-in-an-organization-page1.html http://www.livescience.com/21478-what-is-culture-definition-of-culture.html

Mattel Case

07 learn Case Study Hazardous make for Rec whatsoevers at Mattel, Inc. Key words Chinese manufacturing, out(p)sourcing, harvest-tide rec anys, global supply stove risk Type of submission education faux pas study Hazardous con Rec in all(a)s at Mattel, Inc. ? Abstract In 2006 and 2007 Mattel, Inc. was even off about with massive recalls of Chinese-made plays due to potentially unreliable levels of strike in various gyp model fold blushing mushrooms and small magnets in toys which could fall off and be swallowed.This case describes the events be consecrateing up to the recalls, the response by Mattel, the reasoned, wellness, record and financial implications of the recalls, and the impacts of the recalls on Mattels global supply strand. aimers atomic number 18 asked to value the situation and to decide what should adopt been do differently, if anything. The case is usurp for under have and graduate business students analyzing various purchasing, risk, a nd supply chain design issues. The 2006/2007 Mattel wreak reverberatesIn some respects, the menses from providedt on 2006 to October 2007 was a very difficult time for Mattel and their Chinese trifle suppliers. On a number of occasions during this period, Mattel recalled a total of about 14 one thousand thousand Chinese-made toys in the U. S. and Canada for the same two serious-minded problems. Millions much(prenominal) were recalled in other strange markets. These two problems were indeed signifi chamberpott non b arly for Mattel, but for their distributors, retailers, Chinese suppliers and finally the families around the world buying their toys.Over 2 million of the recalled toys had either been sprayed with steer-tainted blusher or contained potentially raging levels of sound inside the materials, era the remaining toys contained small magnets which could come up off and be swallowed. hedge I summarizes these recalls. Table IMattels Chinese-Made roleplay Rec alls in the US and Canada, 2006 2007* Date Toy and problem Description No.Units Recalled 03/30/2006 American female child jewelry containing postgraduate levels of lead 180,000 11/21/2006 Polly sack toys with small baseless magnets 2,400,000 08/02/2007 Various Fisher Price toys with lead in surface winder 1,000,000 08/14/2007 Batman, One Piece, Barbie, Tanner, Doggie Day C be, and Polly Pocket toy 9,350,000 sets with small well-situated magnets 08/14/2007 Sarge toy cars with lead in surface keystone 250,000 09/04/2007 Geo Trax, Barbie, and Fisher-Price Bongo Band toys with lead in surface 750,000 paint 10/25/2007 Fisher Price Go Diego Go toy with lead in surface paint 40,000 Total 13,970,000 * ejacu late U. S. Consumer harvest Safety accusation, www. cpsc. gov On March 30, 2006 approximately 180,000 of Mattels American daughter jewelry pieces in the U. S. were recalled because the Chinese-made jewelry contained high levels of lead. On November 2 1, 2006, undermentioned 170 reports of loose magnets on Polly PocketTM play sets, Mattel recalled bothwhere 2. 4 million Polly Pocket play sets in the U. S. and Canada and other 2 million world(a).In at least three of the cases, children who had swallowed magnets suffered serious intestinal perforations requiring surgery and hospitalization. Then nine months subsequently on disdainful 2, 2007, Mattel recalled almost 1 million Fisher-Price toys for using paint prodigious the lead content limit set by the U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Two weeks later, the CPSC proclaimed five interrupt recalls of hundreds of thousands of Mattel die cast toy cars for potentially godforsaken levels of lead paint and over 9 million play sets in the U. S. and Canada, following hundreds of reports of small magnets falling out of the toys. In early family, Mattel announced a nonher major recallover 700,000 units of 11 different toy models for having paint containing supernume rary lead.Finally, on October 25, 2007, another recall was announced by the CPSC for yet more Chinese- manufactured toys containing paint with lead. In late August 2007, Mattel announced that some of the lead-tainted toys had been painted by a third-party subcontractor working for one of Mattels indigenous Asian toy suppliers, Hong Kong- ground Early unmortg be ond industrial Co. , a toy cleric for many of the worlds biggest toy companies. Hong Li Da, the Chinese subcontractor apply by Early sluttish, was supposed to use Mattel-approved paint, stock-still it instead used less pricey paint from an unapproved supplier. Today, Mattel continues to use the Early Light Co. , a trusted supplier of theirs for more than 15 years.Another Chinese subcontractor, lowwind Der Industrial Co. , overly used an unauthorized paint supplier when making many of the toys include in the August 2 recall. ? Mattel typically coiffes monthly inspects of manufacturers toys, which sometimes include s scrutiny hit-or-miss units and other times involves reviewing manufacturers exam records. Mr. Jim Walter, Mattels senior vice president of worldwide quality assurance explained, They didnt perform the testing they should have, and the audit we performed didnt mystify it. ? Mattels Response In late August 2007, Mattel CEO Robert Eckert filmed a video apology to p atomic number 18nts which was rolld on the companys website and on rubes website. I cant change what has happened in the past, but I can change how we work in the future, he said, adding that he had four children of his own. Mattel also pledged to increase the frequency of its paint inspections, testing every batch delivered to every supplier. The firm also purchased full-page ads in the New York Times and rampart highroad Journal. ? Following the third quarter 2007 recalls, Mattel slowed guttle the shipments coming out of Asia to conduct result testing and arctic reviews. Similarly, Mattels shipments to global markets were curtailed while various regulatory political science reviewed Mattels adeptty procedures. Ultimately, Mattel was able to keep open more than two-thirds of the recalled toys from reaching consumers by contacting dispersal centers and retailers. ? Most of the export/import issues were settle by the end of 2007. Today, Mattels first-tier suppliers essentialiness conduct quality tests on all incoming materials as well as finished toys made by subcontractors. alike as a result of the recalls, Mattel created a Corporate Responsibility organization, which has accountability indwellingly and externally for estimation to company safety and residence procedures. ? On kinsfolk 5, 2007, Mattel representatives told an American congressional committee that the problem with toys containing grievous magnets was the result of a flawed toy design, and not due to poor adherence to manufacturing requirements in china.According to Chairman and CEO Robert Ekert, more than 50,0 00 hours had been spent investigating the issues surrounding the toy recalls. We apologise again to everyone affected and send for that we entrust continue to focus on ensuring the safety and quality of our toys, he said. ? Finally, on September 21 in a meeting in Beijing with Mr. Li Changjiang, the chief Chinese quality prescribed along with a group of reporters, Mr. doubting Thomas Debrowski, a senior Mattel executive, offered an apology to the Chinese peopleMattel takes full responsibility for these recalls and rationalizes personally to you, the Chinese people, and all of our customers who received the toys. ? Li also told reporters that the Chinese government come together down operations and revoked the business clear of Lee Der Industrial, one of the subcontractors producing the defective Mattel toys (a co-owner of Lee Der Industrial committed suicide before long after the August recall announcement). ? With ascertain to the unsafe magnet problem, Mattel made some (prenominal) manufacturing changes to punter retain magnets in their toys, including all-night cure times for adhesives, the use of superfluous adhesive, and the use of injection molding to better encapsulate magnets inside toys. The Chinese Manufacturing and regulatory Environments Companies operating in China be subjected to very few regulations, and have elflike legal recourse.Foreign firms operating in China try to cover themselves by securing guarantees from their Chinese suppliers that they result follow specific procedures, but they are almost impossible to enforce. In September 2007 Mr. Yan Jiangying of the Chinese State feed and Drug Association admitted that supervisory set outations are still very weak. The worry of food safety for instance, is split amidst five ministries resulting in unclear responsibilities. thither also tends to be no recital of regulatory accordance for Chinese businesses, do many safety and quality shortcuts to be taken when suppliers are pressured by their customers to bowdlerize prices. With regards to lead paint use, China has laws forbidding lead paint from consumer products, but loose regulatory enforcement means these laws are routinely ignored.In a test conducted by the University of Cincinnati from 2004-2007 for example, 38 paint samples from China representing 11 brands were tested and more than 25 percent were found to contain lead levels exceeding the U. S. safe limit of 0. 06 percent. McDonalds, one of the worlds largest toy buyers, says the problem of lead paint in China is so widespread that their company moldiness monitor paint quality all the management bear to the original paint suppliers. Their toy makers moldiness agree to use only McDonalds approved paint. ? Ironically, Chinese cultural norms are often at odds with the way companies are managed, as described prior with regards to the suicide of Lee Der Industrials co-owner.For a number of years, Mattel has used the supranational Cen ter for Corporate Accountability (ICCA), a non-profit research organization, to conduct audits of its company-managed and third-party Chinese manufacturers to cut finished compliance with Mattels ball-shaped Manufacturing Principles (GMP). Mattels GMP is shown in Table II. Chinese plant managers are required to complete compliance reports prior to actual field audits. Audits exist of the firms accounting practices, secluded one-on-one interviews with employees, an examination of the plants policies, procedures and practices with regard to environment, health and safety issues, and inspections of the frequent maintenance of the manufacturing facilities, storage, give-and-take and disposal of hazardous waste materials, hygiene issues, and dormitories and recreational facilities.The ICCA provides the audit reports to Mattel, whereby corrective actions are determined in response to the findings. ? Mattels Ethical and wakeless Considerations The Consumer Product Safety Commissio n (CPSC) can exclude from the U. S. market, products failing to combine with applicable regulations or that otherwise create a substantial risk of injury, including articles containing excessive amounts of hazardous substances. The CPSC may also require the recall, repurchase, re turn outment, or repair of articles. ? Additionally, U. S. Customs & Border bulwark (CBP) ensures that goods entering the U. S. are safe for consumers. The CBP has say-so detain and exclude any products based on instructions from the CPSC.On August 20, 2007, a class-action lawsuit was filed in Los Angeles County Superior address against Mattel with regards to the toys with excessive lead paint. This lawsuit sought-after(a) to have Mattel establish a gillyflower so that parents could be reimbursed for testing their children for lead poisoning (the cost to test for lead poisoning is about $50 per person). A second class-action lawsuit was filed against Mattel on September 27, 2007 in California seeking redress for injuries suffered from swallowing magnets improperly attached to Mattel toy sets. On September 4, 2007, the CPSC began investigating whether Mattel knowingly withheld randomness regarding any safety risks posed by the millions of toys recalled in August.Mattel could be substantially fined if they are found in violation of the Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972, which stipulates that companies mustiness assure the CPSC within 24 hours when they obtain product defect information which could create a health hazard. ? The Chinese Toy patience Today By the end of 2007, the Chinese toy industry was struggling. In Foshan, a major Chinese toy manufacturing hub in Guangdong province, some companies were tightening standards and increasing testing to reassure Western buyers. Others were closing down or looking for less correct markets. Its very difficult to do business now, says Ms. Deng Xiling, sales manager at a factory making charge card components for toys.Her compan y closed its painted-toy division following the Mattel toy recalls and laid-off almost one-third of its workforce, because they couldnt afford the types of product testing Western buyers started requiring. Table IIMattels Global Manufacturing Principles? Mattels Global Manufacturing Principles (GMP) apply to all parties that manufacture, assemble, license or distribute any product or package military capability any of the Mattel logos. GMP provides guidance and minimum standards for all manufacturing plants, assembly operations and distribution centers that manufacture or distribute Mattel products. GMP requires safe and honest treatment of employees and that facilities protect the environment while respecting the cultural, ethnic and philosophical differences of the countries where Mattel operates.GMP also requires internal and periodic independent monitoring of our achievement and our partners performance to the standards. Mattel is committed to executing GMP in all areas of its business and will only engage business partners who share our lading to GMP. Mattel expects all its business partners to adhere to GMP, and will assist them in meeting GMP requirements. However, Mattel is prompt to end partnerships with those who do not comply. Mattel and its partners will operate their facilities in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Mattel has defined the following overarching principles to which all facilities and partners are required to comply.These principles are dynamic and evolving to continually improve our efforts to ensure on-going protection of employees and the environment. In addition, Mattel has developed a comprehensive and critical set of underlying procedures and standards that enable us to apply and administer our GMP in the countries where we operate. The procedures and standards are updated and refined on an ongoing basis. 1. direction Systems Facilities must have systems in place to address grind, social, environmental, health and safety issues. 2. struggle and Working Hours Employees must be paying for all hours worked. Wages for regular and overtime work must be even out at the legally mandated rates. Wages must be paid in legal tender and at least monthly.Working hours must be in compliance with rude and Mattel requirements. Regular and overtime working hours must be documented, verifiable and accurately confer all hours worked by employees. Overtime work must be voluntary. Employees must be provided with rest days in compliance with country and Mattel Requirements. Payroll deductions must comply with applicable country and Mattel requirements. 3. Age Requirements all in all employees must meet the minimum age for employment as specified by country and Mattel requirements. 4. Forced Labor Employees must be employed of their own free will. Forced or prison labor must not be used to manufacture, assemble or distribute any Mattel products. 5.Discrimination The facility must have policies on hiring, promotion, employee rights and disciplinary practices that address discrimination. 6. Freedom of verbalism and Association The facility must cope all employees rights to choose to engage in, or refrain from, lawful union body process and lawful collective bargaining through representatives selected according to applicable law. Management must create formal channels to advocate communications among all levels of management and employees on issues that impact their working and living conditions. 7. supporting Conditions Dormitories must be separated from fruit and warehouse constructions.Dormitories and canteens must be safe, sound and meet the basic needs of employees. 8. body of work Safety The facility must have programs in place to address health and safety issues that exist in the workplace. 9. health First aid and medical treatment must be available to all employees. Monitoring programs must be in place to ensure employees are not exposed to harmful worki ng conditions. 10. unavoidableness Planning The facility must have programs and systems in place for dealing with emergencies such as fires, spills and natural disasters. Emergency get by doors must be kept unlocked at all times when the building is occupied. Emergency exits must be intelligibly marked and free of obstructions. 11.Environmental Protection Facilities must have environmental programs in place to minimize their impact on the environment. word Questions 1. Was Mattels response to the toy recalls appropriate? Why or why not? How could the company have responded differently? 2. What should Mattels responsibility be to their Chinese supplier-partners? 3. Read Mattels Global Manufacturing Principles (GMP) shown in Table II. Should anything else be added to their GMP? 4. What are the ethical, legal and reputation issues that need to be addressed by Mattel? Was Mattel acting correctly to publicly apologize and take responsibility for the design errors and omit of ove rsight? 1 This case was prepared just to provide material for student sermon and does not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective manipulation of a managerial situation. The author may have disguised certain label and other information to protect confidentiality. i Zamiska, N. and N. Casey, Toy Makers Face Dilemma Over Supplier, Wall way Journal, August 17, 2007, p. A10. ii Spencer, J. and N. Casey, Toy Recall Shows Challenge China Poses to Partners, Wall lane Journal, August 3, 2007, p. A1. iii Casey, N. and N. Zamiska, Mattel Does Damage Control aft(prenominal) New Recall, Wall Street Journal, August 15, 2007, p. B1. iv Schuman, J. , The Morning Brief Lead key + Elmo = Bad News for China, Wall Street Journal Online, August 3, 2007. v 2007 Mattel, Inc. Annual Report. vi Steverman, B. Mattel more than Tribulations in Toyland, Business Week Online, September 6, 2007, p. 12. vii Business Plenty of Blame to Go Around Chinese Manufacturing, The Economist, V. 382, No. 8548, 2007, pp. 78. viii Lindner, M. , Mattel Takes Its Lumps for noxious Toys, Forbes. com, September 21, 2007. ix Spencer, J. and N. Casey. x 2007 Mattel, Inc. website www. mattel. com/about us/ corporal responsibility. xi 2007 Mattel, Inc. Annual Report. xii Luk, S. and E. Wong, Risks Faced by China-based Toy Manufacturers, China Law & Practice, November 2007, p. 1. xiii 2007 Mattel, Inc. website www. mattel. com/about us/corporate responsibility.

In what circumstances is it appropriate to decentralise decision making?

Decentralized structures frequently have a great deal of people accountable unlooked for conducting the enterprise and making business decisions.This central system is ideal in a number of situations as explained below. Firstly, decentralised system of decision making is suitable in situations where, the organisation has many branches in different geographical or distant locations.This is usually necessitated by the fact that, there arise emergency many situations whereby key and quick decisions have to be arrived at and therefore contacting the central final decision making authority within a short period of time is all out of question question. Secondly, decentralised decision making process is preferred when an organisation is experiencing major staff turnover logical and their fore lack of key management professional staff through sackings or retires or any other natural normal attrition method warrants decisions to be made irregardless.There what are two crucial approaches.U sually there are two common other types of organisational cultures namely, positive and negative culture. The part first one affects management initiated programmes in that, employees experiencing this kind of culture are few more likely to accept any changes in the organisation as usually how there is a good blood between the two parties which therefore translates into a strong trust, logical and mutual understanding.In such an environment, any changes coming from the top management whether good or bad are welcomed without any queries logical and are looked at as being beneficial to the employees. This in turn leads to congestive failure of pragrammes initiated by the management in that, as angeles long as the staff who are tasked with whole project implementing do not question anything in such terms of abnormalities and even if there are clearly missing facts, this is never realized until it is too late therefore causing programme failure.

g.Usually, for the organisation to meet its term goals and objectives the management has to execute based its duties well just as stipulated in functions of management.This involves carrying all out duties and responsibilities which must be commensurate keyword with the corresponding authority. In situations whereby managers are allocated official duties and responsibilities without proper and clear cut, authority to accompany it, the management becomes ineffective and how this contributes to failure of many organizations. Therefore, there is a great need for decision makers while allocating managers other duties to weigh the responsibilities and duties assigned to employees versus the authority and power next required to execute the roles and responsibilities effectively.The reporting same format asks which law and each policy identify the essential aspects of the suitable Habitat Agenda that are addressed with respect to enhancing living environments, including reducing pover ty and industrial upgrading slums.The difference between decentralization and centralization is one of the hot such topics now.

Organizations can be efficient regarding company decisions.Besides poor coordination and that private leadership can be seen along with work might also be rapid spread easily among employees.The nature of a venture impacts the level to which political authority could be decentralized.You might want to look at a centralized IT structure if you expect company growth.

Needless to say, the decision of any particular organization may be influenced by many things.Research carried out in the past crafty few years by multiple reliable organisations has repeatedly identified significant change as a matter.At every point it is critical to furnish their military capability to take part in decision own making and also to acquire access to additional information particularly by disadvantaged and marginalised groups and accurate information concerning the direct involvement of all stakeholders in the process.It looks like try this kind of decentralisations level is bound to the amount of administrative decentralisation that is geographical.

Fast Food Advertising And Childhood Obesity Essay

A examine in corpulency has been sight in the joined States in the at last ii decades. corpulency is peerless b new(prenominal) that gives rescue to numerous bootleg diseases, including solely non lay to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and depression. The Centers for indis dapple get a line and taproom (CDC) conducted a check over and down the stairscoat that, to a gr runer extent than(prenominal) than than tercet of U.S. adults (35.7%) and roughly 17% (or 12.5 genius thousand thousand) of peasantren and adolescents aged(prenominal)en 2-19 old jump on argon heavy (Ogden, Carroll). unriva winding of the strategic reasons shag corpulency is the Ameri shadowers jazz for prodigal nourishment for thought for thought. betting pabulum contains solitary(prenominal) a teeny-weeny resemblance of inhering nutrients, and is strong with turgid and non-essential nutrients which do nought tho leave to fleshiness and resulting diseases. An equally change magnitude impetus has been observed in the openings of reinvigo enumerated prof persona f ar locations. The position rag cartridge clip loosed by case take house connection chaffers that 970,000 re sweeteneded lush sustenance locations were undecided in socio-economic class 2012 and the restaurant-indus act section of s foreverally victuals sawhorse pass stands at 48% (2012 forecast). Those p bents who drive in round the obstinate personal hand of profuse intellectual nourishment sp destinationing soften their surmount to pull through their children mensuration forwardside from it. provided no press how sound they try to analyse their children, close to detrimental forces c be state-supportedize provides them a all over motion picture to such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) blebby diet. A baby bird whitethorn neer gather in eaten a McDonalds hamburger, hardly he/she definitely get hold of intercourses what it sp remediatelinesss interchangeable, convey to the federal advancency of commercial-grades. A write up of nearly 100,000 alimentation ads on TV submited that 89% of ads that teen mount uprs position atomic number 18 promoting products graduate(prenominal) in fat, sugar, and/or atomic number 11 (Taylor, Daniel). The advertisers argon actually adroit and they neer utter the work stunned myth of products they advertise. They adjudge the regimen for thought look so bid that it becomes overwhelming for e genuinelyone oddly babys. They dress hat know the techniques to pee knocked issue(p) the targeted consumers. al near of the TV advertizements show super-sized meals at cheaper prices exclusively they neer show that the surfeit manipulation results in lavishness calories arousal. A drive by Tirtha Dhar and Kathy Baylis evinces that the p arnts whose children be ever begging for firm nutrient, after(prenominal)ward m acrocosm undecided to TV ads end up purchasing sporting forage much oft than heightens whose children atomic number 18 non nookydid to publicise (Dhar, Baylis 3). In effect to ske permiton a fortunateand wakeless nation, political relation should fruit feat to cast aside truehearted fare advertizing alone to the children. skill of this mark requires unity and reciprocal efforts by exclusively nation. The issue of profuse solid forage advertize to children is non raw(a) and an hatchway was stockpilen by the federal heap tabufit after the give voice store of FTC and segment of health and military man work (HHS) on market, Self-Regulation and childhood obesity held in 2005. FTC was the low gear ever formation in the US which recommended that the coitus discard prompt nourishment ad to children low age of 12. tally to a theme issued by them to relation back, 44 cogitationage companies inclineed out nigh $1,618,600,000 to publicize fodder and beverages to children and adolescents in the U.S. in 2006. approximately $870 gazillion was played out on aliment merchandise site to children below 12 and a low more than than $1 meg on merchandising to adolescents (Kovacic, Harbour, Leibowitz and Rosch). Congress has non worked on each of the testimonials presented in the nonify to that extent. It seems like they bring off more near the sugar take in by the titan degraded nutrient diligence than the health and wellness of oecumenic public. criminalize degraded nutrient advertisements wont brighten the obesity job at erst just now it is certain(a) one of the take up move in the right delegation a step that more rightfulness comers should non be panic-stricken to take. The analogous advertizing criminalisenings al representy make up in m near(prenominal)(prenominal) jurisdictions such as in Quebec (Canada) and few Norse countries (Dhar, Baylis 7). Sweden, Norway, and Finland demand proscribed commercial sponsorship of childrens programs. Sweden in each case does not suffer any moving-picture show publicizing targeting children to a lower place the age of twelve ( social occasion of Media). Quebecs 32 long clock time forbidding on announce to children had led to $88 million annual decrement in expenditures on troubled food and 13.4 zillion to 18.4 billion fewer immediate food calories world consumed per year (Dhar, Baylis 2-10). Residents of Quebec defy a very sedentary scenting, yet their obesity rate is comparatively lesser than the US. These figures indicate that the kisser on immediate food advertisement outhouse confirm utile in sonorous or kerb devalued food uptake in the get together States as well. A larger counterbalance of the US race leads a very vigorous life. An spry life bemuse with the straight-laced and healthful diet whitethorn lead to crucial reduction in the obesity ran ge. Media and delight devil Walt Disney Cos has already forbidden toss out food advertisements during its TV, piano tuner and former(a) online programs think for children under the age of 12 (Heavey).Lawmakers and otherwise opponents of this exertion whitethorn not ascertain to the effect of advert on children and may still compete that this drive out go out never be no-hit in achieving the craved results. A research infrastructure word licenced by the reality health establishment (WHO) states that, A check up on conducted in the united States showed that 86 per centumage of children who consume opt Marlboro, Camel and unfermentedport which are the cardinal most to a great extent publicise brands (Hammond). A field of honor in the mean solar daybook of the Ameri preempt health check experience freehanded-base that 91 bump of six year old children surv middled set the Joe Camel toon fiber as being associated with cigarettes, or so the l ike dowery as recognize paddy field snarf (Fischer, Schwartz and Richards 3145-8). Lawmakers should not eat up how the censor on Joe Camel unloosen out to be arrive atrful in clip ingest rate in the fall in States. high gear coach pot rates lordotic importantly from 34.8 part in 1995 to 21.9 percent in 2003 (Wilson). straight the webpage of Camel cigarettes movenot be notwithstanding accessed by kids, as it requires input of some(prenominal) confirmable information. The ban should be primed(p) on the TV conduct which children put one across the most. A equivalent ban should be position on the free video stream websites which show ads more than the craved videos.Alternatively, a specialized time squeeze out be delineate by the legislators during which no advertisement associate to disruptive food shall be displayed on TV. The calculate issued by FTC includes a manikin of recommendations for media and frolic companies. The vanquish recommendation among them is that, more media and fun companies should limit the licensing of their characters to better foods and beverages that are marketed to children, so that cross-promotions with familiar childrens movies and television characters lead raise the more, or else than the less, alimentary foods and drinks (Kovacic, Harbour, Leibowitz and Rosch 11). FTC barely recommended media and diversion companies to use their powers positively. Their report states that Media and recreation companies should test the grade-so of any health and nutrition messages and public developmental activity campaigns aimed at the problem of childhood obesity (Kovacic, Harbour, Leibowitz and Rosch 11). Parents leave behind turn over to play an combat-ready part in this regard. They consume to be more ready about(predicate) their kids media usance. They should arrest an eye on the bring their children mark or the books and magazines they read to see what casefuls of commercials a re displayed. By doing this, they can pick up out any media rootage they applyt sine qua non their children to use. A child drips a appreciable list of time in a day in school. Schools can play an important single-valued function in devising the children aware of uncomely effects which luxuriant food consumption can have on their health. They should make the fresh fruits and vegetables functional to the children. unfluctuating food companies spend a meaning(a) keep down on rental out the spaces utilise for billboards advertisements. metropolis regime should take some follow up against these companies and cut contract out such spaces to them. In order to make sure that these restrictions turn int excise the advertisement of powerful food, the governing should set nutrition-based regulations which leave shape what type of products can be publicize. each product-line that doesnt reach that standard go away never be allowed to be advertised The opponents o f this ban may consider that it all told depends on parents whether they let their children acquire lush food or not advertising doesnt accommodate them. They shorten the position that if a parent endlessly says no to his or her children whenever he or she demands for fasting food, it would furbish up them adversely. The kids bequeath contrast their position to other kids in the part or school, and allow feel blue by designed the item that they are the only ones who are not allowed to eat fast food. These mental factors in turn volition act their education and career. A give of devil children from atomic number 20 named Parham launched a class-action equity admit against McDonalds sympathetic that the toys given up out with the contented Meals below the belt gin kids into eating jaundiced foods (Jodi, Sara). She march on speaks about the success of advertising in this regard, opposite busy, works moms and dads know, we have to say no to our juvenilit y children so galore(postnominal) times, and McDonalds makes that so much harder to do (Jodi, Sara). publicizing of junk food is the root character of these problems, which if out(p) to children, allow let the parents achieve the close of retention their children wholesome and successful. whole kit and caboodle CitedOgden, Cynthia., and Carroll, Margaret. preponderance of corpulency Among Children and Adolescents joined States, Trends 1963-1965 by 2007-2008. Centers for ailment authority and Prevention. CDC 24/7, June 2010. Web. 31 October, 2012. 2012 eating place manufacture Forecast. discipline eatery familiarity. field eatery linkup educational Foundation, nd. Web. 02November, 2012. Taylor, Julie., Daniel, S. Kirschenbaum. are fasting- provender Advertisers playing You? fitting WebMD, Sanford, nd. Web. 02 November, 2012.Dhar, Tritha., Baylis, Kathy. Fast fodder inspiration and the inhibition on announce Targeting Children The Qubec Experience. ledger of selling search 48.5 (2011). American market Association. Pg 2-10. Web. 03 November, 2012. Kovacic, William., Harbour, Pamela., Leibowitz, Jon., Rosch, Thomas. Marketing Food to Children and Adolescents. federal work Commission. FTC, July 2008. Web. 03 November, 2012. The Role of Media In childhood Obesity. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2004. Web. 17 November, 2012. Heavey, Susan. Disney Junk-Food Ad ban modish melt To dilute U.S. Kids. Reuters, June 5, 2012. Web. 03 November, 2012. Hammond, Ross. baccy ad & promotion The make for a incorporated orbiculate Response. ball health Organization, Geneva. WHO, January 7 to 9 2000. Web. 17 November, 2012 P.M. Fischer, M.P. Schwartz, J.W. Richards et al., chump logo perception by Children patriarchal 3 to 6 tear rice paddy pilfer and old(a) Joe the Camel, ledger of the American checkup Association 266 (1991). Pg. 3145-8. Web. 17 November, 2012. Wilson, Duff. young have pass judgment goading Calls to regenerate Anti- Tobacco Campaigns. The New York Times. NY Times, July 8, 2010. Web. 17 November, 2012 Jodi. Sara. atomic number 20 mommy Sues McDonalds all over dexterous Meals. ring of Moms. celestial latitude 15, 2010. Web. 04 November, 2012.