Port Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Port Security - Research Paper Example In 2008, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) estimated a total 8.17 billion tons of goods, or 80% of the global international trade to have passed through seaborne channels and ports worldwide3. However, there is no international standard for security being implemented worldwide, with port security at the mercy of the host countries4. In the United States, seaborne transportation systems are vital to the national and international commerce of the country. Approximately 95% or over $740 billion or 2 billion tons of products pass through marine ports5. As majority of commercial goods passing through maritime ports of entry, the United States Department of Homeland security recognized the necessity of ensuring that the supply chain necessary for economic activity and prosperity should not be disrupted. As economic growth relies on the supply system to provide the necessary products necessary for trade, the Department treats the supply with grave importance as it â€Å"feeds critical domestic infrastructure and support (America’s) way of life.†6 As President Barrack Obama put it, economic activity relies on the global supply system and any disruption on the system, either by natural or terrorist activities, can gravely â€Å"impact global economic growth and productivity†, thus the need to address the threats and ensure the continuous flow of supply vital to trade and the economy.7 Defence IQ defines port security as â€Å"security that refers to the defense, law and treaty enforcement, and counterterrorism activities that fall within the port and maritime domain. It includes the protection of the seaports themselves, the protection and inspection of the cargo moving through the ports, and maritime security.†8 Following the 9/11 attacks in 2001, the necessity of securing ports of entries came under greater attention. As the New York Times reported in an article in 2012, many terrorists

Critical thinking Essay Example for Free

Critical thinking Essay 1. How does critical thinking affect you as a reader and writer? How can thinking critically improve your writing? Critical thinking affects a person as a reader and writer in that it is essential to be able to absorb and assimilate knowledge from the environment as well as organize one’s own thoughts and express oneself in a clear and comprehensive manner. It is important to consider critical thinking as being a twofold process. As a reader, one is able to utilize critical thinking as a tool to analyze information being taken in from the outside. Not all information is useful or truthful to a person, and critical thinking is a method of filtering out what is incomprehensible or untruthful and absorbing what is meaningful and valid. As a writer, critical thinking is used in relation to one’s own personal creative thoughts, coming to subjective conclusions about what one believes about the world and expressing these beliefs through writing. Critical thinking is able to improve people’s writing in that the ideas one wants to express become central to the writing process, to develop the perfect way of stating what one desires to say. It is essential to utilize critical thinking in both reading and writing, so that one is able to take in and organize the information from the external environment and make personal judgments and assertions about what one believes. All situations and experiences are both objective and subjective, in that people experience events within the context of the external world. It is important to be able to digest and process information from the external world in an organized fashion, so that one is able to accurately describe and share one’s experiences with others. 2. Read the following Discussion Question response written by Owen, a fictional student. Identify areas of vagueness and ambiguity and discuss how you might clarify the e-mail message using the writing principles addressed in the text. In the response written by Owen, the writing style is such that the reader is not able to clearly understand what is being said. There are instances of vagueness and ambiguity in the writing, and Owen is left appearing as if he does not truly understand what he is supposed to be writing about. For instance, Owen states that critical thinking affects him in â€Å"all ways†. Although this may be true, there is not enough information describing in which ways he is affected. It is important to include enough detail in writing, so that the reader is able to fully comprehend what is being claimed. Owen goes on to say that clear writing is the â€Å"hardest thing in the world†. Although Owen may be having difficulty with his own writing, clear writing is not the hardest thing in the world for all people. Instead of generalizing and making blanket statements, Owen should be plain and honest in saying that clear writing is difficult for him personally. Further on, Owen claims that critical writing is like business writing in that they both need a certain amount of structure, yet then claims that â€Å"structure is harder†. These ideas are simply uncorrelated and do not logically proceed from one another. One cannot compare two styles of writing as being similar and then immediately state that they are dissimilar, at least not without a clear explanation and transition. Overall, Owen could improve his own writing style by paying attention to explaining himself in detail, by taking the necessary time to organize his own thoughts before writing them down. It is vital to express oneself in a clear and comprehensive manner, so that other people are able to easily understand what is being conveyed.

An Evolving Relationship in The Circling Hand Essay -- Circling Hand

An Evolving Relationship in  The Circling Hand    An evolving mother-daughter relationship is the focus of Jamaica Kincaid s autobiographical   The Circling Hand.  Ã‚   Like the narrator, Kincaid grew up in Antigua as the only child her mother and carpenter father.   Also like the narrator, Kincaid admits her mother kept everything she ever wore.  Ã‚   This narrative is a coming of age story, in which this dynamic and unusual mother-daughter relationship plays an important role.   Through the beginning bliss of childhood to the frustrating stage of adolescence, this unique relationship, in which the daughter is infatuated with her mother, seems to control the narrator s development as a free ­thinking person.      Ã‚  Ã‚   It is easily inferred that the narrator sees her mother as extremely beautiful.   She even sits and thinks about it in class.   She describes her mother s head   as if it should be on a sixpence,   (Kincaid 807).   She stares at her mother s long neck and hair and glorifies virtually every feature.   The narrator even makes reference to the fact that many women had loved her father, but he chose her regal mother.   This heightens her mother s stature in the narrator s eyes.  Ã‚   Through her thorough description of her mother s beauty, the narrator conveys her obsession with every detail of her mother.  Ã‚   Although the narrator s adoration for her mother s physical appearance is vast, the longing to be like her and be with her is even greater.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The narrator spends her young childhood drunk with love for her mother.   She happily sleeps late on school holidays, follows her mother ar... ...tionship has completely evolved and the narrator somewhat comes into her own  ­ a natural and inevitable process.      Ã‚  Ã‚   As a result of the freshly severed apron strings, while at her new school, the narrator starts to   love   a new friend named Gwen.   When she shares her day with her mother and does not mention her new - found love, this is her young mind s way of saying   You have your life and I have mine and I don t have to tell you about it.  Ã‚   While the mother  ­ daughter relationship still exist, the narrator forms another relationship, making her less dependant on the first.   The evolution of adolescence is the theme of the story, but the transformation of the mother daughter relationship proves to be the most drastic change the narrator goes through at an age revolved   around change.   

Aztec :: essays papers

Aztec The Aztec lived in the city of Tenochtitlan, which is a fertile basin about 50 miles long and as wide. Surrounded by mountain ranges and several volcanoes, the Aztec has abundant supply of water. With being 8000ft above sea level the day were mild and the nights are cold during much of the year. The Aztecs name means "heron people" their name is derived from the mythical homeland to the north called Azatlan. This in mind their language(Nahuatl) also belong to the linguistic family as the Soshonean, a tongue will represented among the Indians of the Untied States. In the Aztecs culture their main principal crop was maize. Maize was usually cooked with lime then ground to make dough, then patted into tortillas, other principal crops were beans, squash, tomatoes, cotton, chilies. The two crops maguey and agave were used as cord, sacks and sandals and a substitute for cotton in clothing. From the juice of the maguey was use in a mild form of alcohol called pulque, which was the ceremonia l drink. Only the old men of the committee was able to drink pulque freely, otherwise among the younger generation couldn't get drunk except at certain religious feast. Drunkenness was considered a serious offense even punishable by death. In the Aztecs culture there were clans, each clan there was tribes and each tribe was divided up. Then each family were allotted sufficient land for its maintenance, if no one else were alive in the family, then the land were reverted back to the tribe. Urban communities, the land were communal, each group called capulli was composed of a few families that jointly owned a piece of land. Then part of the yield was given to the state as a tax. Rest of yield would be either sold, traded or for their own use. There were two kinds of farmer, first there was the general field workers. They were in charge with preparing the soil, breaking up clods, hoeing(with the coa digging sticks), leveling, setting boundary markers, planting, irrigating, winnowing and storing grain. The second kind of farmer were the horticulturists their job was planting of trees, transplanting, crop sequences, rotations and a supervisory role, for they were expected to read the Tonalamatl almanacs to determine the time for planting and harvest. One of the unusual feature of the Aztec agriculture were the floating gardens. These gardens were built by digging ditches into squares or rectangle, then they would pile up mud on the area which the ditches enclosed.

William Blake’s Songs of Innocence

Flake's use of the pastoral in Songs of Innocence and Experience Put simply, Flake's Songs of Innocence and Experience Juxtapose the innocent pastoral world of childhood against an adult world of corruption and repression. The collection as a whole, by meaner of paired poems in Innocence and Experience (The Lamb, The Tiger; The Echoing Green, The Garden of Love/London; The Nurse's Song (l and E); Introduction (l and E); The Chimney sweeper (l and E), etc) explores the value and limitations of two different perspectives of the world. The same situation or problem is seen through the eyes or perspective of Innocence first, then Experience.Blake stands outside Innocence and Experience, in a distanced position from which he recognizes and attempts to correct the fallacies of both perspectives. He uses the pastoral, in many songs, to attack oppressive and destructive authority (Church, King, parent's, adult figures), restrictive morality, sexual repression, established religion – t he Established Church, social inequality, militarism. The pastoral is a literary style that presents an idealism and artificial picture of rural life, the naturalness and innocence of which is seen in contrast with the corruption and artificiality of city and court.The pastoral is often seen as a nostalgic looking back at a lost paradise, a lost Eden, a lost Golden Age. However, Blake does something different with the pastoral. Firstly, he rejects the nostalgia of the ideal in order to show the real human condition. He does this by opposing pastoral ideal and urban reality both within the single states of Innocence and Experience and between the two states. (For example – ‘Introduction' of Innocence, ‘The Shepherd'). Secondly, he radically redefines the relation of the pastoral to the city because the Songs as a volume could be said to take place in the city.Blake frames the obviously pastoral scenes within an urban setting in a way that breaks down the convention al city/ country dichotomy – and his criticism is aimed at not merely social problems, but the source of these problems – a limited way of seeing. Within Innocence, Blake takes us into the frame, or confinement of the pastoral space and explores inner tensions, exposing and attacking social problems. For example, in ‘The Little Girl Lost' of Innocence, the pastoral setting is that of ‘a desert wild' that becomes ‘a garden mild'.The reference is the biblical image in Isaiah 35 of an ideal mime in which the ‘desert shall rejoice, and blossom as the rose'. Lacy, the innocent child, lives ‘In the southern clime'/Where the summer's prime/Never fades away (distinctly pastoral! ). She ‘had wandered oleomargarine the wild birds' song. Blake brings in a contrast between Local's trust and her parent's' fear (that she is lost and will come to harm). For Lacy, there is no cause for distress, except consideration of her mother's feelings (if my m other sleeplessly shall not weep').The other side of the conflict is the parent's' fear and concern: As far as they are concerned, there is nowhere safe; (Where can Lacy sleep? . Their concern becomes more and more self- centered, until it becomes emotional blackmail (oho can Lacy sleep,/elf her mother weep? ). A moral prescription is then introduced – Lacy ought to be worried – and we notice that this is Justified only by the mother's distress, not by any real danger. By meaner of the command, ‘Then let Lacy wake', Blake shows how fear turns into tyranny. The parent's' fear of nature has made them unreasonable – They command their daughter to be unhappy, simply because they are.Stanza 8 resolves the conflict as Local's surroundings become transformed – the desert is ‘bright'. Local's positive perception dominates the rest of the poem – The imperative, ‘Let' in the line, ‘Let thy moon arise', underlines her opposition to her parent's. The pivotal word, ‘bright' stands between Local's and her parent's' attitudes to nature (for the parent's, it is a dark, unknown world of fear; for Lacy, it is safe and bright. ) The lion licks Local's bosom and the lioness ‘Loosed her slender dress'. The dress is a symbol of her parent's' upbringing, which Local's perception can cast off.She is naked, so shame is removed (a reference to Adam and Eve's nakedness in the Garden of Eden). In the ext poem, ‘The Little Girl Found', the lion's masculinity, his mane, was what frightened the parent's (soon his heavy man/Bore them to the ground'). So, the poem conveys the need for sexual freedom, natural energy, sexual energy, feared by Local's parent's. (In ‘The Little Girl Found', the parent's' perception of the lion as fearful is transformed -then they followed/Where the vision led'- by meaner of transforming their vision, their perspective, the parent's' fear disappears (nor fear the wolfish howl,/Nor t he lion's growl').Within the pastoral frame of the Garden of Eden, Blake explores inner tensions, exposing and attacking social problems. (In The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, which Blake wrote between the two parts of the Songs, he stresses that man's instincts are not fallen (sinful from the moment of birth) and therefore to follow the instinctive desire for love and pleasure cannot be wrong: The soul of sweet delight can never be defiled. On the contrary, it is the thwarting of desire that leads to corruption and a warping of the personality: Sooner murder an infant in its cradle than nurse enacted desires.The conventional goodness of Flake's time, therefore, is Just a passive failure o act out desire and is not something to be admired, unlike evil which is evidence of positive energy:. Good is the passive that obeys reason. Evil is the active springing from energy and Energy is eternal delight. So, in the volume of Songs of Innocence and Experience, the tensions, oppositions or c onflicts are within the frames of a song, as well as between the two contrary worlds of Innocence and Experience.The Songs not only Juxtapose pastoral ideal with urban reality (echoing Greenwood's'; ‘Echoing Green/'The Garden of Love'), but within the single state of Innocence, pastoral images are Juxtaposed with a flawed urban society. The oppositions also exist within the single states of Innocence and Experience. The Songs of Innocence begins with a clearly pastoral ‘Introduction' followed by ‘The Shepherd', ‘The Echoing Green' and, of course, ‘The Lamb'(in Flake's final order of the Songs). These songs show pastoral harmony between humans and nature.However, we are led out of (or in and out of, depending on the order of Songs), pastoral and into a disturbing world of social difference and injustice through such lyrics as ‘The Little Black Boy, ‘The Chimney Sweeper'(l). Yet even these songs eave a pastoral element. Tom Decree, in ‘T he Chimney Sweeper', is identified with the lamb of pastoral and of innocence through his hair, That curled like a lamb's back. The black boys mother describes his body as a ‘shady grove' that enables the soul to bear the beams of love', identifying the time on earth as a ‘little space', akin to a pastoral retreat, rather than a time of preparation labor.The pastoral narratives in both poems seek to free the boys from the stigma of their blackness, but ironically that freedom, in the form of a pastoral paradise, is attainable only after death. In ‘The Chimney Sweeper'(l), an angel ‘opened the coffins and set them all free. /Then down a green plain leaping, laughing they run,/And wash in a river and shine in the sun'. In ‘The Little Black Boy, God's voice will call: ‘Come out from the grove my love and care,] And round my golden tent like lambs rejoice'.Only in death will the white boy be taught to reject his ignorant racist views: ‘And then I'll stand and stroke his silver hair/And be like him, and he will then love me'. So, Blake uses the pastoral to attack social evils and injustice, but also exposes the limits and inadequacies of the pastoral ideal. He transcends the pastoral to show the limits of pastoral innocence; to criticism the human condition; and to show a new vision. He does this by rejecting the nostalgia of the ideal to show the real condition – by opposing the pastoral ideal with urban reality.The dual presence of town and country, idealization and realism, celebration and regret provides the tension that is fundamental to the pastoral space. The pastoral's critical function is based upon the writer's handling of internal tensions between oppositions. Flake's objective in Songs of Innocence and Experience is to show the wow contrary states of the human soul'. He shows that we create our worlds by meaner of our perception of it. (Milton: ‘A mind is its own place, and in itself/Can make a Heav en of Hell, a Hell of Heaven' Paradise Lost).Our world is ‘Innocent' – loving, meek and mild, delightful, protected, gentle – if we perceive its creator as loving, caring and protective. But there are limits to this vision; we are vulnerable because we are ignorant of the dangers and threats that exist. The world of Experience is one that is dark, authoritative, oppressive, uncaring and repressive of enjoyment. We see ourselves imprisoned in this despair if we perceive its creator as oppressive, cruel, punitive and Judgmental – and if we perceive ourselves as imprisoned in Original Sin.The two worlds opposed are those of childhood innocence and adult experience. He uses iconic pastoral images (piper and muse, shepherds, rural idyll, innocence of childhood, the Garden of Eden, gardens and greens, lambs, pathetic fallacy) and pastoral states (harmony, Joy, protection, care, love) and opposes these to urban images and states of adult authority and cruelty, st ate and church repression and authority, dishonest and destructive emotions.Blake sets up oppositions, in the frames of the poems (as artistic creations) between Innocence and Experience and within Innocence and Experience. Blake provides (in Songs of Innocence) pastoral images, but shows the limits of pastoral innocence. In Songs of Experience, he writes in anti-pastoral mode and uses pastoral images to show the destruction of innocence, as well as ways to regain innocence in a vision of a New World.Discussion of ‘putting the complex into the simple': Approaches – discussion of ‘The Lamb' and ‘The Tiger', pages 91 – 101 Songs of Innocence and Experience can be regarded as anti-pastoral: Blake exposes he limitations of a comfortable image of pastoral innocence by 1) redefining the relationship between city and country (Russ in rube – the country in the city); 2) he uses the pastoral as a frame to expose social injustice and human suffering; 3) he uses pastoral images to show true innocence, then subverts these, both in Innocence and Experience, to expose the dark world of adult authority and repression.Blake use pastoral, not to show the contrast between rural and urban, but to expose the injustices of the human condition. Blake was a poet of the city, of London, and his pastoral setting is in the greens, parks and gardens of London.

Data Integration at a Urban Multicultural Community College essay part 3Essay Writing Service

Data Integration at a Urban Multicultural Community College essay part 3Essay Writing Service Data Integration at a Urban Multicultural Community College essay part 3 Data Integration at a Urban Multicultural Community College essay part 3Data Integration at a Urban Multicultural Community College essay part  2IntroductionAt the same time, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software offer users easy access and use that is another important condition of the data integrity because data should be understood and used by users. Otherwise, there is no point in the creation of a database and accumulating information, if users have substantial difficulties with the adequate access and use of the information. Many researchers (Garvin Artemis, 2007) point out that Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software is the effective tool because it offers users easy access and does not need some special, profound knowledge in the field of software. In fact, users can have just a general idea of finance to start using Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software that makes the software very effective in the context of the educational environment. In such a way, any user can have the access to the software, on the condition that the user is authorized. At the same time, users are not likely to face any difficulties with Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software because the software is easy to use. The navigation and interface are easy, although it may be difficult for beginners to grow accustomed to them (Garvin Artemis, 2007).Data are closely integrated and properly process that contributes to the effective information processing and sharing. The data are integrated in the learning process that prevents the distraction of educators or students from the learning process proper and wasting their time on data processing. The high level of the data integration means that the data are classified, balanced, and distributed between stakeholders and store in the database of the Institutions. In such a way, users can easily access the data they need and they will do it easily because the data are classified, the friendly interface and navigation will help them to find the target data in the matter of minutes at the most.Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software as the tool of students’ inclusionIn fact, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software contribute to the student inclusion because they are oriented on the development of financial operations to facilitate the interaction between students and the Institution in particular. In such a way, the Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software helps to integrate students into the educational environment and, thus, get access to education. In such a context, the software may be viewed as a tool of students inclusion because it expands students’ opportunities consistently because they can monitor their accounts, they can manage their accounts and conduct financial operations as well as monitor their financial statistics. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software allows all stakeholders, including educators and professionals wo rking in the financial department of the Institution to have access to and use the full potential of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software. At the same time, all stakeholders can benefit from Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software to the full extent. In fact, the financial department as well as educators can use Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software to monitor their financial operations and manage their accounts as well as, in case of professionals working in the financial department, they can conduct their operations and perform their professional functions with the help of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software.At this point, opportunities offered by Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software for students are particularly important because they allow students to get wider access to education. They can plan their expenses and assess adequately costs of education and other issues. They can use Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software to assess their financial potential and to make choices concerning their further education. In such a situation, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software help students to plan their learning personally. In other words, the software makes their education personalized since they can obtain education respectively to their financial opportunities at the moment.Moreover, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software is not only the matter of financial issues but it is also the software allow data sharing. In such a way, students can share information and data and transmit it, according to their needs. In such a situation, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software accelerates the data sharing and increases its effectiveness. Taking into consideration the high level of the information security of the software, students can be certain that their private information will not breach. At any rate, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software has the high level of the information security and the software is among leaders in the indus try (Garvin Artemis, 2007).Furthermore, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software is the effective tool that helps to provide students with the financial aid, when they need it most of all. For instance, students, who have reached a considerable academic progress but cannot continue their education because of financial issues can apply for grants or some programs that can be funded by the government or other agencies or companies. In such a situation, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software will help to find a plausible solution for each student personally. In fact, students may find the solution on their own with the help of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software. Thus, students tackle their problems with the help of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software and can choose the best options of funding their education.This is why it is possible to estimate that Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software makes education more available to all students. At any rate the software def initely opens new opportunities for education because this software creates the flexible educational program, which may vary depending on financial resources available to students as well as funds, which they can raise for their education with the help of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software. This is why Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software is the effective tool that makes education more available to students in the Institution than it used to be due to the new, more effective data integration and sharing.ConclusionThus, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software may raise doubts among some experts, who may consider this software unreliable or ineffective. They may even draw their own arguments but the analysis of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software shows that such arguments are likely to be inconsistent. At any rate, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software has a number of advantages and strengths that make this software effective to use in the college environment. First, is secure and reliable. Second, this software improves the information sharing and processing. In addition, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software contributes to the data integrity. The aforementioned strengths and advantages of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software make the software the reliable tool that can be used by the Institution and enroll all stakeholders, who can use the software, including students, educators and administration of the Institution.In fact, the use of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software contributes to the data integrity that allows educators and students focusing on the learning process alone, while information is processed with the help of software. In such a way, students and educators use their time efficiently. The data integrity in the contemporary educational environment is crucial because it helps to overcome such problems as the information overload, information security and other issues. Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software should be implemented at the large scale at the Institution because the software opens wide information for provision of students with financial aid, when they need and effective data sharing.

The Algonquin Cinderella vs. Tam and Cam Essays

The Algonquin Cinderella vs. Tam and Cam Essays The Algonquin Cinderella vs. Tam and Cam Paper The Algonquin Cinderella vs. Tam and Cam Paper The Algonquin Cinderella vs. Tam and Cam Cinderella is one of the most popular characters in the fairy tales stories. More than fifteen versions of this story exist in different countries. There are two famous versions of this story among adults and children, they are The Algonquin Cinderella (Native Americans version) and Tom and Cam (Vietnameses version). These stories convey the same message that good will always defeat the evil. However, the Algonquin Cinderella and Tom and Cam stories differ in their aspects of belief, magic, and their ending. In the Native American version of Cinderella, the belief in omens beauty and appearance is emphasized. The Cinderella in this story was very small, weak, and often ill. She was treated so harshly by her older sisters. They burnt her hands and her feet with hot cinders without any reason, and it left many scars all over her body. As a result, many people called her the rough faced girl. When she was willing to see the Invisible One, an ideal man for every woman in that village, her sisters and all the people in the village shouted and hooted, hissed and yelled at her. No one could believe that the rough faced girl could see the Invisible One even though she was ugly and had rough face. On the other hand, the belief in the Vietnamese version of the Cinderella story has a big difference with the Native Americans version. In the Vietnamese version, Tam and Cam, Buddha was a form for their belief. In this story, Tam was the Cinderella, and Cam was the stepsister. When Tam had a rough time, Buddha always came to help her. Vietnamese people had known Buddhism since the second century, and it gave a big influence to their culture, especially to their traditional fairy tale stories. In Buddhism, they teach their isciples about karma and reincarnation which is implied in Tam and Cams story. In this story, it showed that Cam died because of her mean behavior; she killed Tam and took her husband. Cam thought by doing all those things, she would live peacefully. However, it did not turn out like she hoped for which is a good example of karma according to Buddhisms doctrine. Reincarnation was also used in this story several times. When Tam was killed by her stepmother and her stepsister, she reincarnated into a vang anh bird, a green thi tree, and into real her form once again. According to the aspect of magic, the magic happened in the Algonquin Cinderella story after the sister of the Invisible One knew that Cinderella was the only girl that could see his brother. She took that rough faced Cinderella home and bathed her. Now, the rough faced girl turned into a very beautiful woman. As she did so, all the scars disappeared from her body. Her hair grew again, as it was combed, long, like a blackbirds wing. Her eyes were now like stars: in all the world there was no other such beauty. (par 28). However, in Tam and Cams version, the magic is slightly different from the Algonquin Cinderella story. In Tam and Cams version, the magic happened by Buddhas help. When Tam was upset that she did not have anything to wear to the festival, Buddha came to her and ask her to open the four Jars that she had buried before. When she opened them, she found a beautiful silk dress, a pair of embroidered shoes, a miniature horse, and a richly ornamented saddle and bridle. The magic also happened when Buddha asked the basketful of unhusked rice. Moreover, the ending of the Algonquin Cinderella story is a happy ending. The Cinderella who used to be a poor little girl and got treated harshly by her sisters turned into a very beautiful woman. She was also able o see the Invisible One because of her pure heart, and she had the opportunity to become his wife. Meanwhile, the Cinderellas sisters were rejected by Invisible Ones sister because they were lying about their sight of seeing her brother. On the other hand, the ending for the Tam and Cams story is different with the Algonquin Cinderella story. The antagonist characters in this Vietnamese version died because of their bad behavior. Cam was killed with the boiling water. Tam also cooked her body into mam with a rich sauce and sent it to her stepmother, saying that was a present from her daughter. par 65). The stepmother died because she was very shocked after she found out that meal was her daughters meat. when the Jar of mam was nearly empty, she saw her daughters skull and fell down dead. (par 67) Thus, the Algonquin Cinderella and Tam and Cam stories share the same message that good always defeat the evil, but they are different in their aspects of belief, magic, and their ending. These two stories have their own unique concepts base on their culture and society from each country, but in some ways, they have the same meaning and lessons as the original story of the Cinderella.

The History of Algebra

The History of Algebra Various derivations of the word algebra, which is of Arabian origin, have been given by different writers. The first mention of the word is to be found in the title of a work by Mahommed ben Musa al-Khwarizmi (Hovarezmi), who flourished about the beginning of the 9th century. The full title is ilm al-jebr wal-muqabala, which contains the ideas of restitution and comparison, or opposition and comparison, or resolution and equation, jebr being derived from the verb jabara, to reunite, and muqabala, from gabala, to make equal. (The root jabara is also met with in the word algebrista, which means a bone-setter, and is still in common use in Spain.) The same derivation is given by Lucas Paciolus (Luca Pacioli), who reproduces the phrase in the transliterated form alghebra e almucabala, and ascribes the invention of the art to the Arabians. Other writers have derived the word from the Arabic particle al (the definite article), and gerber, meaning man. Since, however, Geber happened to be the name of a celebrated Moorish philosopher who flourished in about the 11th or 12th century, it has been supposed that he was the founder of algebra, which has since perpetuated his name. The evidence of Peter Ramus (1515-1572) on this point is interesting, but he gives no authority for his singular statements. In the preface to his Arithmeticae libri duo et totidem Algebrae (1560) he says: The name Algebra is Syriac, signifying the art or doctrine of an excellent man. For Geber, in Syriac, is a name applied to men, and is sometimes a term of honour, as master or doctor among us. There was a certain learned mathematician who sent his algebra, written in the Syriac language, to Alexander the Great, and he named it almucabala, that is, the book of dark or mysterious things, which others would rather call the doctrine of algebra. To this day the same book is in great estimation among the learned in the oriental nations, and by the Indians, who cultivate this art, it is called aljabra and alboret; though the name of the author himself is not known. The uncertain authority of these statements, and the plausibility of the preceding explanation, have caused philologists to accept the derivation from al and jabara. Robert Recorde in his Whetstone of Witte (1557) uses the variant algeber, while John Dee (1527-1608) affirms that algiebar, and not algebra, is the correct form, and appeals to the authority of the Arabian Avicenna. Although the term algebra is now in universal use, various other appellations were used by the Italian mathematicians during the Renaissance. Thus we find Paciolus calling it lArte Magiore; ditta dal vulgo la Regula de la Cosa over Alghebra e Almucabala. The name larte magiore, the greater art, is designed to distinguish it from larte minore, the lesser art, a term which he applied to the modern arithmetic. His second variant, la regula de la cosa, the rule of the thing or unknown quantity, appears to have been in common use in Italy, and the word cosa was preserved for several centuries in the forms coss or algebra, cossic or algebraic, cossist or algebraist, c. Other Italian writers termed it the Regula rei et census, the rule of the thing and the product, or the root and the square. The principle underlying this expression is probably to be found in the fact that it measured the limits of their attainments in algebra, for they were unable to solve equations of a higher degree than the quadratic or square. Franciscus Vieta (Francois Viete) named it Specious Arithmetic, on account of the species of the quantities involved, which he represented symbolically by the various letters of the alphabet. Sir Isaac Newton introduced the term Universal Arithmetic, since it is concerned with the doctrine of operations, not affected on numbers, but on general symbols. Notwithstanding these and other idiosyncratic appellations, European mathematicians have adhered to the older name, by which the subject is now universally known. Continued on page two.   This document is part of an article on Algebra from the 1911 edition of an encyclopedia, which is out of copyright here in the U.S. The article is in the public domain, and you may copy, download, print and distribute this work as you see fit. Every effort has been made to present this text accurately and cleanly, but no guarantees are made against errors. Neither Melissa Snell nor About may be held liable for any problems you experience with the text version or with any electronic form of this document. It is difficult to assign the invention of any art or science definitely to any particular age or race. The few fragmentary records, which have come down to us from past civilizations, must not be regarded as representing the totality of their knowledge, and the omission of a science or art does not necessarily imply that the science or art was unknown. It was formerly the custom to assign the invention of algebra to the Greeks, but since the decipherment of the Rhind papyrus by Eisenlohr this view has changed, for in this work there are distinct signs of an algebraic analysis. The particular problem-a heap (hau) and its seventh makes 19-is solved as we should now solve a simple equation; but Ahmes varies his methods in other similar problems. This discovery carries the invention of algebra back to about 1700 B.C., if not earlier. It is probable that the algebra of the Egyptians was of a most rudimentary nature, for otherwise we should expect to find traces of it in the works of the Greek aeometers. of whom Thales of Miletus (640-546 B.C.) was the first. Notwithstanding the prolixity of writers and the number of the writings, all attempts at extracting an algebraic analysis from their geometrical theorems and problems have been fruitless, and it is generally conceded that their analysis was geometrical and had little or no affinity to algebra. The first extant work which approaches to a treatise on algebra is by Diophantus (q.v.), an Alexandrian mathematician, who flourished about A.D. 350. The original, which consisted of a preface and thirteen books, is now lost, but we have a Latin translation of the first six books and a fragment of another on polygonal numbers by Xylander of Augsburg (1575), and Latin and Greek translations by Gaspar Bachet de Merizac (1621-1670). Other editions have been published, of wh ich we may mention Pierre Fermats (1670), T. L. Heaths (1885) and P. Tannerys (1893-1895). In the preface to this work, which is dedicated to one Dionysius, Diophantus explains his notation, naming the square, cube and fourth powers, dynamis, cubus, dynamodinimus, and so on, according to the sum in the indices. The unknown he terms arithmos, the number, and in solutions he marks it by the final s; he explains the generation of powers, the rules for multiplication and division of simple quantities, but he does not treat of the addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of compound quantities. He then proceeds to discuss various artifices for the simplification of equations, giving methods which are still in common use. In the body of the work he displays considerable ingenuity in reducing his problems to simple equations, which admit either of direct solution, or fall into the class known as indeterminate equations. This latter class he discussed so assiduously that they are often known as Diophantine problems, and the methods of resolving them as the Diophantine analysis (see EQUATION, Indeterminate.) It is difficult to believe that this work of Diophantus arose spontaneously in a period of general stagnation. It is more than likely that he was indebted to earlier writers, whom he omits to mention, and whose works are now lost; nevertheless, but for this work, we should be led to assume that algebra was almost, if not entirely, unknown to the Greeks. The Romans, who succeeded the Greeks as the chief civilized power in Europe, failed to set store on their literary and scientific treasures; mathematics was all but neglected; and beyond a few improvements in arithmetical computations, there are no material advances to be recorded. In the chronological development of our subject we have now to turn to the Orient. Investigation of the writings of Indian mathematicians has exhibited a fundamental distinction between the Greek and Indian mind, the former being pre-eminently geometrical and speculative, the latter arithmetical and mainly practical. We find that geometry was neglected except in so far as it was of service to astronomy; trigonometry was advanced, and algebra improved far beyond the attainments of Diophantus. Continued on page three.   This document is part of an article on Algebra from the 1911 edition of an encyclopedia, which is out of copyright here in the U.S. The article is in the public domain, and you may copy, download, print and distribute this work as you see fit. Every effort has been made to present this text accurately and cleanly, but no guarantees are made against errors. Neither Melissa Snell nor About may be held liable for any problems you experience with the text version or with any electronic form of this document. The earliest Indian mathematician of whom we have certain knowledge is Aryabhatta, who flourished about the beginning of the 6th century of our era. The fame of this astronomer and mathematician rests on his work, the Aryabhattiyam, the third chapter of which is devoted to mathematics. Ganessa, an eminent astronomer, mathematician and scholiast of Bhaskara, quotes this work and makes separate mention of the cuttaca (pulveriser), a device for effecting the solution of indeterminate equations. Henry Thomas Colebrooke, one of the earliest modern investigators of Hindu science, presumes that the treatise of Aryabhatta extended to determinate quadratic equations, indeterminate equations of the first degree, and probably of the second. An astronomical work, called the Surya-siddhanta (knowledge of the Sun), of uncertain authorship and probably belonging to the 4th or 5th century, was considered of great merit by the Hindus, who ranked it only second to the work of Brahmagupta, who flourish ed about a century later. It is of great interest to the historical student, for it exhibits the influence of Greek science upon Indian mathematics at a period prior to Aryabhatta. After an interval of about a century, during which mathematics attained its highest level, there flourished Brahmagupta (b. A.D. 598), whose work entitled Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta (The revised system of Brahma) contains several chapters devoted to mathematics. Of other Indian writers mention may be made of Cridhara, the author of a Ganita-sara (Quintessence of Calculation), and Padmanabha, the author of an algebra. A period of mathematical stagnation then appears to have possessed the Indian mind for an interval of several centuries, for the works of the next author of any moment stand but little in advance of Brahmagupta. We refer to Bhaskara Acarya, whose work the Siddhanta-ciromani (Diadem of anastronomical System), written in 1150, contains two important chapters, the Lilavati (the beautiful [science or art]) and Viga-ganita (root-extraction), which are given up to arithmetic and algebra. English translations of the mathematical chapters of the Brahma-siddhanta and Siddhanta-ciromani by H. T. Colebrooke (1817), and of the Surya-siddhanta by E. Burgess, with annotations by W. D. Whitney (1860), may be consulted for details. The question as to whether the Greeks borrowed their algebra from the Hindus or vice versa has been the subject of much discussion. There is no doubt that there was a constant traffic between Greece and India, and it is more than probable that an exchange of produce would be accompanied by a transference of ideas. Moritz Cantor suspects the influence of Diophantine methods, more particularly in the Hindu solutions of indeterminate equations, where certain technical terms are, in all probability, of Greek origin. However this may be, it is certain that the Hindu algebraists were far in advance of Diophantus. The deficiencies of the Greek symbolism were partially remedied; subtraction was denoted by placing a dot over the subtrahend; multiplication, by placing bha (an abbreviation of bhavita, the product) after the factom; division, by placing the divisor under the dividend; and square root, by inserting ka (an abbreviation of karana, irrational) before the quantity. The unknown was ca lled yavattavat, and if there were several, the first took this appellation, and the others were designated by the names of colours; for instance, x was denoted by ya and y by ka (from kalaka, black). Continued on page four. This document is part of an article on Algebra from the 1911 edition of an encyclopedia, which is out of copyright here in the U.S. The article is in the public domain, and you may copy, download, print and distribute this work as you see fit. Every effort has been made to present this text accurately and cleanly, but no guarantees are made against errors. Neither Melissa Snell nor About may be held liable for any problems you experience with the text version or with any electronic form of this document. A notable improvement on the ideas of Diophantus is to be found in the fact that the Hindus recognized the existence of two roots of a quadratic equation, but the negative roots were considered to be inadequate, since no interpretation could be found for them. It is also supposed that they anticipated discoveries of the solutions of higher equations. Great advances were made in the study of indeterminate equations, a branch of analysis in which Diophantus excelled. But whereas Diophantus aimed at obtaining a single solution, the Hindus strove for a general method by which any indeterminate problem could be resolved. In this they were completely successful, for they obtained general solutions for the equations ax( or -)byc, xyaxbyc (since rediscovered by Leonhard Euler) and cy2ax2b. A particular case of the last equation, namely, y2ax21, sorely taxed the resources of modern algebraists. It was proposed by Pierre de Fermat to Bernhard Frenicle de Bessy, and in 1657 to all mathematician s. John Wallis and Lord Brounker jointly obtained a tedious solution which was published in 1658, and afterwards in 1668 by John Pell in his Algebra. A solution was also given by Fermat in his Relation. Although Pell had nothing to do with the solution, posterity has termed the equation Pells Equation, or Problem, when more rightly it should be the Hindu Problem, in recognition of the mathematical attainments of the Brahmans. Hermann Hankel has pointed out the readiness with which the Hindus passed from number to magnitude and vice versa. Although this transition from the discontinuous to continuous is not truly scientific, yet it materially augmented the development of algebra, and Hankel affirms that if we define algebra as the application of arithmetical operations to both rational and irrational numbers or magnitudes, then the Brahmans are the real inventors of algebra. The integration of the scattered tribes of Arabia in the 7th century by the stirring religious propaganda of Mahomet was accompanied by a meteoric rise in the intellectual powers of a hitherto obscure race. The Arabs became the custodians of Indian and Greek science, whilst Europe was rent by internal dissensions. Under the rule of the Abbasids, Bagdad became the centre of scientific thought; physicians and astronomers from India and Syria flocked to their court; Greek and Indian manuscripts were translated (a work commenced by the Caliph Mamun (813-833) and ably continued by his successors); and in about a century the Arabs were placed in possession of the vast stores of Greek and Indian learning. Euclids Elements were first translated in the reign of Harun-al-Rashid (786-809), and revised by the order of Mamun. But these translations were regarded as imperfect, and it remained for Tobit ben Korra (836-901) to produce a satisfactory edition. Ptolemys Almagest, the works of Apolloniu s, Archimedes, Diophantus and portions of the Brahmasiddhanta, were also translated. The first notable Arabian mathematician was Mahommed ben Musa al-Khwarizmi, who flourished in the reign of Mamun. His treatise on algebra and arithmetic (the latter part of which is only extant in the form of a Latin translation, discovered in 1857) contains nothing that was unknown to the Greeks and Hindus; it exhibits methods allied to those of both races, with the Greek element predominating. The part devoted to algebra has the title al-jeur walmuqabala, and the arithmetic begins with Spoken has Algoritmi, the name Khwarizmi or Hovarezmi having passed into the word Algoritmi, which has been further transformed into the more modern words algorism and algorithm, signifying a method of computing. Continued on page five. This document is part of an article on Algebra from the 1911 edition of an encyclopedia, which is out of copyright here in the U.S. The article is in the public domain, and you may copy, download, print and distribute this work as you see fit. Every effort has been made to present this text accurately and cleanly, but no guarantees are made against errors. Neither Melissa Snell nor About may be held liable for any problems you experience with the text version or with any electronic form of this document. Tobit ben Korra (836-901), born at Harran in Mesopotamia, an accomplished linguist, mathematician and astronomer, rendered conspicuous service by his translations of various Greek authors. His investigation of the properties of amicable numbers (q.v.) and of the problem of trisecting an angle, are of importance. The Arabians more closely resembled the Hindus than the Greeks in the choice of studies; their philosophers blended speculative dissertations with the more progressive study of medicine; their mathematicians neglected the subtleties of the conic sections and Diophantine analysis, and applied themselves more particularly to perfect the system of numerals (see NUMERAL), arithmetic and astronomy (q.v..) It thus came about that while some progress was made in algebra, the talents of the race were bestowed on astronomy and trigonometry (q.v..) Fahri des al Karbi, who flourished about the beginning of the 11th century, is the author of the most important Arabian work on algebra. He follows the methods of Diophantus; his work on indeterminate equations has no resemblance to the Indian methods, and contains nothing that cannot be gathered from Diophantus. He solved quadratic equations both geometrically and algebraically, and also equations of the form x2naxnb0; he also proved certain relations between the sum of the first n natural numbers, and the sums of their squares and cubes. Cubic equations were solved geometrically by determining the intersections of conic sections. Archimedes problem of dividing a sphere by a plane into two segments having a prescribed ratio, was first expressed as a cubic equation by Al Mahani, and the first solution was given by Abu Gafar al Hazin. The determination of the side of a regular heptagon which can be inscribed or circumscribed to a given circle was reduced to a more complicated equation which was first successfully resolved by Abul Gud. The method of solving equations geometrically was considerably developed by Omar Khayyam of Khorassan, who flourished in the 11th century. This author questioned the possibility of solving cubics by pure algebra, and biquadratics by geometry. His first contention was not disproved until the 15th century, but his second was disposed of by Abul Weta (940-908), who succeeded in solving the forms x4a and x4ax3b. Although the foundations of the geometrical resolution of cubic equations are to be ascribed to the Greeks (for Eutocius assigns to Menaechmus two methods of solving the equation x3a and x32a3), yet the subsequent development by the Arabs must be regarded as one of their most important achievements. The Greeks had succeeded in solving an isolated example; the Arabs accomplished the general solution of numerical equations. Considerable attention has been directed to the different styles in which the Arabian authors have treated their subject. Moritz Cantor has suggested that at one time there existed two schools, one in sympathy With the Greeks, the other with the Hindus; and that, although the writings of the latter were first studied, they were rapidly discarded for the more perspicuous Grecian methods, so that, among the later Arabian writers, the Indian methods were practically forgotten and their mathematics became essentially Greek in character. Turning to the Arabs in the West we find the same enlightened spirit; Cordova, the capital of the Moorish empire in Spain, was as much a centre of learning as Bagdad. The earliest known Spanish mathematician is Al Madshritti (d. 1007), whose fame rests on a dissertation on amicable numbers, and on the schools which were founded by his pupils at Cordoya, Dama and Granada. Gabir ben Allah of Sevilla, commonly called Geber, was a celebrated astronomer and apparently skilled in algebra, for it has been supposed that the word algebra is compounded from his name. When the Moorish empire began to wane the brilliant intellectual gifts which they had so abundantly nourished during three or four centuries became enfeebled, and after that period they failed to produce an author comparable with those of the 7th to the 11th centuries. Continued on page six. This document is part of an article on Algebra from the 1911 edition of an encyclopedia, which is out of copyright here in the U.S. The article is in the public domain, and you may copy, download, print and distribute this work as you see fit. Every effort has been made to present this text accurately and cleanly, but no guarantees are made against errors. Neither Melissa Snell nor About may be held liable for any problems you experience with the text version or with any electronic form of this document.

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Political movement - Essay Example ( Schock, 2005), has made a study of the phenomenon of non-violent resistance in authoritarian contexts by taking the political movements in six countries as comparative case studies. The countries he put under this socio-analytical scanner are South Africa, Burma, Philippines, Nepal, Thailand and China. He further makes a distinction between the movements as those won a democratic victory and those who failed under repression. South Africa, Nepal, Philippines and Thailand are the winning examples of democracy, while Burma and China still remain under the autocratic rule. The study is limited in time, its purview being a rather historically short period which extents from 1980 to 2005. In his book, Kurt Schock’s attempt is focussed on evolving a set of cause-effect equations underlying these successes and failures. The social movements of Burma and South Africa are particularly significant to our review of this work, as the former failed just after reaching the brink of success, while the latter persevered and went up to the victory post in full glory and flamboyance. In view of the great momentum that both political movements achieved in late 80s, it was only natural to expect both to be victorious. The search for a reason to why this did not happen led Schock to point out certain factors key to the success of a non-violent social movement under an authoritarian regime. Kurt Schock says that, two basic conditions must be met for a resistance movement to contribute to political transformations. First, â€Å"the challenge must be able to withstand repression, and second, the challenge must undermine state power† (2005, p.49). These are the two broad yardsticks used to analyse the social movements in Burma and South Africa. He also theorizes that social and political transformation occurs only after a sustained period of challenge in which multiple forms of

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The Influence of Health Policies and the Future of Health Care in the U.S - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that disparities among the American community continue to reflect within the healthcare system despite establishment and engagement of various care systems to foster the improvement of the health systems. Consequently, the population continues to suffer the inherent problems as they arise within the structural organization of the state healthcare systems. Notably, several inherent issues reflect the procedures of administering and acquiring successful and effective care process to the citizens. Firstly, there arises the issue of poverty and income versus the cost of the health systems. Most of the American population consists of citizens whose income levels cannot sustain their health needs. Thus, even as they seek the coverage of the various health policies as initiated by the government to facilitate affordable care to all people, they fail to achieve the required care. Thus, the continually increasing costs of the health care system are a leading factor in contention with respect to the healthcare systems of the USA. Secondly, there is the issue of the insurance cover. The insurance systems in the country continue to charge the citizens accordingly for their health coverage. However, the insurance companies do a disservice to the citizens despite their commitment to the insurance contribution. Most of the insurance provides coverage to limited levels, meaning that certain conditions such as asthma or cancer, which require high costs for treatment, may not receive adequate financial support from the insurance companies. Thus, the health insurance policies need to reflect accordingly to support the citizens of the USA in guarding their rights within these insurance coverage systems. Further, there is a disparity in acquiring healthcare due to the establishment of factors relating to the blacks versus the whites. These aspects of discrimination within the care system result from the multi-ethnic differences and perspe ctives, leading to insufficient and unhealthy care system procedures. Thus, as an issue of concern, the health care system needs to address this section f the arising matters. Lastly, professional perspective is also an inherent issue within the provision of health care in the USA.

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Risk in the Essex Voyage - Case Study Example According to the discussion the crew decided to continue for five weeks without stopping to do repairs and searched for warm waters. The encountered other whalers who told them about a newly discovered a good hunting ground located about four thousand six hundred kilometers to the southwest. The area was risky because it was too far and the inhabitants of the Islands were said to be cannibals. They went thousands into the coast of South America and but a number of days whaleboats were empty despite the whale damaging their boat by surfacing directly below. Three whaleboats began to pursue a sperm whale but as they tried to harpoon it its fluke hit the boat and damaged its seam, which forced them to cut the line from the whale to put back the boat into the ship for repair. The second boat has also harpooned a whale that was pulling the way. As the work of repaired continued an abnormally larger whale was seen behaving strangely. It lay without any movement and its head was facing the ship and it began to speedily approach the ship diving. The whale hit the ship with its head, went under it, and battered it tipping it to move from side to side. It continued to the starboard side of the ship and lay motionless but the crew could not kill it because it was too close to the rudder and could cause the ship intense damage. The whale was seen swimming ahead of the ship but came back in furry and speed and thrashed it with its tail and its head struck the ship again. This study outlines that the whale crushed the bow and pushed the ship backwards and the whale them swarm away and were never seen again. The ship began to sink slowly and the crew had only whaleboats for survival. The captain gathered navigational instruments but he could do much and was terrified. The ship took two days to sink, during which the crew tried to salvage their supplies.

Improvement store Case Study Essay Example for Free

Improvement store Case Study Essay Mrs. Debbie Morgan is a 45-year-old female who works as a stocking clerk for a local home improvement store. While she was at work today a large box of metal rivets fell from a 20-ft.-high overhead shelf, striking her outstretched arm and knocking her to the ground. The ambulance personnel reported that she had lost quite a bit of blood at the accident scene and was knocked out when they arrived. To minimize further hemorrhage, the paramedics applied a pressure bandage to her arm. You meet the paramedics as they bring Mrs. Morgan into the emergency room and begin to assess her for injuries. She is awake and alert, but complaining of severe left arm and back pain, plus she has a killer headache. To fully examine her injuries you remove four blood-soaked bandages from her arm. You notice a large open wound on her arm with what appears to be bone tissue sticking out of the skin. She also has bruises covering her left shoulder, left wrist, and lower back. To determine the extent of her injuries Mrs. Morgan undergoes several x-rays, which reveal the following 1) fracture of the left humerus at the proximal diaphysis, 2) depressed fracture of the occipital bone, 3) fracture of the 3rd lumbar vertebral body. Short Answer Questions 1. Define the following terms, used in the case and also in associated questions hemorrhage fracture proximal diaphysis 2. One way bones are classified is by their shape. How would you classify the bones fractured by Mrs. Morgan 3. The body of Mrs. Morgans vertebra is fractured. What type of bone tissue makes up the majority of the vertebral body Describe the structure and function of this type of bone. 4. The diaphysis of Mrs. Morgans humerus is fractured. What type of bone makes up the majority of the diaphysis of long bones like the humerus Describe the layers of bone tissue found here. 6. Within days after a fracture, a soft callus of fibrocartilage forms. What fibers are found in this type of cartilage Identify the cells required for fibrocartilaginous callus formation and list their functions. 7. As a fracture is repaired, new bone is added to the injury site. What term is used to describe the addition of new bone tissue Identify which bone cell is responsible for this process and explain how it occurs. 8. In the final stage of bone repair, some of the osseous tissue must be broken down and removed. What term is used to define the breaking down of osseous tissue Which bone cell would be best suited for this task 9.

A marketing analysis of a company

A marketing analysis of a company INTRODUCTION As a business consultant to Bob and Lloyd, it is required to devise a marketing plan for their fast food business, Delicious Goodness. Before getting into the depts of marketing concepts and principles, it is important to inform Bob and Lloyd as to what marketing is. According to Phillip Kotler, marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. It is the manner in which management of a business goes about satisfying the needs and wants of consumers as a primary function of the business. MARKETING ANALYSIS A marketing analysis of a company is a valuation into the type of market for the businesss products that are available to consume. This investigation is done through a thorough research using marketing tools such as PEST analysis, SPICC analysis and SWOT analysis which would ultimately allow Bob and Lloyd to grasp an understanding into the type of market they wish to enter, making them aware of the possibilities of market growth or failure of the business and further implications on the potential of and the direction in which the business may be headed through identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the business. The marketing model of Wright, 1999 is shown in appendix 2 highlighting these analyses. PEST A PEST analysis was firstly conducted, as a measure of the macro environment of the business through the political, economic, social and technological aspects in which Bob and Lloyd may encounter. Although a recent change in government, the government still encourages the role of small businesses in the economy. Bob and Lloyds business complies with the laws and can therefore be easily approved as small company status. These laws are put in place to ensure that citizens are consequently benefited, for example; it is required that the business make use of locally produced raw materials, creating jobs for nationals and that the business must be locally owned and controlled. Bob and Lloyd can also benefit of being privileged to assistance from the Business Development Company. The BDCs objectives are based on providing technical and financial support to small and medium businesses to empower growth and development whilst creating them to also be internationally competitive. Additionally, government has reduced corporate taxes to 25% of the net earnings of small businesses, and has initiated entrepreneur of the year awards to encourage small business. The economics aspects such as exchange rates and inflation rates must be considered in light of purchasing supplies that are not locally grown and in creating selling prices. Also, matters of diversity of income levels and wage rates, variances of ages and the patterns of consumption within chosen geographic area to conduct business must be initially reviewed. Furthermore, the social features of the area must be studied, that is, the various types of races and religions practiced within area which would affect sales during certain periods of the year, such as Divali and Eid. The percentage of the grey market in area is also a concern, since the older folks would be more health conscious, however, Bob and Lloyd would be catering for those through providing grill foods. Technological factors are a necessity in business, Bob and Lloyd would have to accommodate for the rate in which technological advancements is occurring. Thus, constant improvement and updates would be required as of ne w processes. SPICC Suppliers of raw materials within area would not be an issue, since there are various wholesalers and farmers within district. The only main concern here would be to develop and maintain moral relationships with suppliers to ensure efficiency within the supply chain. The business must also incorporate social responsibility within its local community which would ensure sustainability and good reputation. There are no intermediaries involved in this firm; customers can go directly into business and purchase. Customers satisfaction is most vital in marketing since they are the ones who have the power to make or break the business. Thus, customers satisfaction and behaviours must be closely studied when determining the type of fast food outlet. Competitors also play a major part in this market, there are many fast food outlets within decided area, therefore Bob and Lloyd would have to come up with concepts of distinctiveness (highlighted in appendix 3 via McKinseys 7Ss framework) that wo uld make customers want to purchase from them. SWOT ANALYSIS MARKETING SEGMENT Of the approximated 157,295 population of the San Juan area, about 60% is of the working population. Due to globalization and the fast paced lives of persons, it is estimated that about 80% of the working population would eat out and about 8% of that 80%, at an average of 5033 persons per month would indulge themselves at Delicious Goodness in its first year. Since Bob and Lloyd provide food for the health conscious and vegetarians, the targeted market is at ages 12-55. Bob and Lloyd would have a few local competitors since they specialize in a variety of foods. MARKETING OBJECTIVE Bob and Lloyds objectives are focused on customer satisfaction, by ensuring customers get good values for their monies spent on products and, through the high levels of customer service and provision of after sales service capture a larger portion of market share in the short run. In the long run though, they wish to mature, innovate and multiply the business and compete at an international level. MARKETING MIX This tool is used as a major concept in modern marketing; it consists of Product, Place, Price, Promotion, People, Process and Physical evidence. Bob and Lloyd would provide a variety of high quality, mouthwatering dishes made by the finest chefs in the region, targeting customers needs and wants. Place of the business is usually intended as a location of convenience to both Bob and Lloyd and to consumers. The San Juan area is a very developed and fast growing region in all aspects. There are no major channels of distribution existing here but one, the customer directly goes into restaurant and purchase. Pricing of products is as per going rate of price as a result of the type of market, a market for fast food products. Though prices are set at this rate, Bob and Lloyd are still making profits on each unit to cover other costs; it is the only marketing tool which produces revenues. Promotion of products is major role in marketing, because it allows communication of and educating the public of the products provided. Bob and Lloyds means of doing so was through direct marketing of handing out flyers, the traditional mic-man passing around the area, internet advertising through the Express Newspaper classified as well as social networking through Facebook and twitter. In this case social networking is most effective as feedback is readily available, which is an important tool in building the business, and it is free. Delicious Goodness is set to be launched on 31st March, 2011 at the restaurants compound; a short, formal opening ceremony is planned with expected featured guest, MP for the area, Dr. Fuad Khan, and an appearance by home-grown superstars H2O phlo to aid in gaining initial social status. Dr. Khan and the guys of H2O are good friends of Bob and Lloyd. People are the backbone of a company. With integrated networking practiced at Delicious Goodness, it allows participation in decision making, assistance in solving issues and overall building good team working. Thus, Bob and Lloyd would benefit in having motivated and reliable employees resulting in satisfied customers through high standards of services provided and great tasting food. Additionally, the processes in which customers are serviced would be competent and professional, yet customer friendly oriented. The physical evidence would be the employees and the efforts put in place of creating a soothing, welcoming and blissful ambience of the restaurant. BRANDING This is very important in this type of market since it distinguishes the qualities, appearances and tastes of the same products provided, by different suppliers, hence allowing consumers to easily identify their choice of product. A suggested brand logo for Bob and Lloyds product is available in appendix 4. As an upcoming business in a market with many competitors; it is recommended that Bob and Lloyd brand their products, especially since consumers would want to remember the brand as of first time tasting. It would also make the process of word-of-mouth of the product simpler, hence easily gaining greater market share and good reputation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, it is recommended that Bob and Lloyd analyze the market from time to time with regards to the constant changes taking place in the economy. This would allow the business to flourish in the possible innovation and creations of food products, due to first-hand knowledge of the various changes occurring; or it can also allow the company to brace itself if there should be a setback in economy. Word Count: 1482 words

Euthanasia Essay -- mercy killing physician assisted suicide

Euthanasia The right to die with dignity, euthanasia and physician assisted suicide is a very sensitive issue debated in this country today. Euthanasia is the act of painlessly ending the life of a person for the reason of mercy. It is sometimes referred to as mercy killing. Americans are hearing more and more horror stories of the elderly tragically killing his or her spouse in order to avoid painful and horrible deaths. It is sad and amazing the extreme measure one had to go through to accomplish his or her death. More and more Americans are speaking out and fighting for the right to die. This however goes against all morals and ethical codes, for a physician’s role to sustain life, not take it away. Although euthanasia and assisted suicide is not morally and ethically accepted, it should be an individual issue for those who face imminent death because death should be a personal choice, because death should be without unnecessary pain and suffering, and because most importantly death should be peaceful. Granted, euthanasia and physician suicide assisted seem to threaten the traditional medical values. All physicians take the Hippocratic Oath upon receiving their degree. This oath states those physicians are to prolong life and minimize suffering. In an article written by John Glasson he argues: Physician assisted suicide presents one of the greatest contemporary challenges to the medical profession’s ethical responsibilities. Proposed as a means toward more humane care of the dying, assisted suicide threatens the very core of the medical profession’s ethical integrity (Glasson 91). Physicians have a moral and ethical responsibility to sustain life. They are in no position to render aid in a person’s death... ... die with dignity. Works Cited Dority, Barbara. â€Å"The Ultimate Civil Liberty.† Humanist. July/Aug. 1998: 16-20. Sirs Researcher. CD-ROM. SIRS Mandrin Spring 1999. Sirs 1998 Death and Dying, volume 5, article 14. Glasson, John. â€Å"Report of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs of the American Medical Association.† Issues in Law & Medicine. Summer 1994: 91-97. Sirs Researcher. CD-ROM. SIRS Mandrin Springs 1999. Sirs 1994 Death and Dying, volume 4, article 50. Kamisar, Yale. â€Å"The Future of Physician-Assisted Suicide.† Minnesota Law Review. July 1998: 48-53. Sirs Researcher. CD-ROM. SIRS Mandrin Springs 1999. Puchalski, Christina M. â€Å"Life Before Death: Facing Death with True Dignity.† World & I. July 1998: 34-39. Strasburg, Jenny. â€Å"Last Rights: Speaking the Language of Death.† Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN). Scipps-Howard News Service.

The 13th of December, 1666

The events, which took place on the 13th of December 1666. Made a dramatic change in my life. First I will tell you a bit about myself. My name is Mark. I am sixteen years old and I go to St Paul high school. I have one Brother who is five years younger than me called Bill. I also have a nagging step -mum who has looked after me since I was two. My real mum died in very strange circumstances but dad will not tell me the full story so I don't know much about it. At school I used to have two best friends. They were Sarah and Will. Will has blue eyes and a lovely personality. I had known Sarah ever since I was three. Sarah's mum and my step mum got on with each other really well. Will is one of my best friends; he's the only person who can make me laugh on a bad day. I am no longer friend with them now, after that horrible day of 13th of December. It all started when I was invited to a Will's Halloween party, I loved parties especially the food and dancing. We were all having a great time dancing eating etc†¦Until after the party had ended when Will, Sarah and I played truth or dare it was all fine until it came to my turn. They dared me to go in the haunted house, which was located near by. I couldn't refuse otherwise I would have been called a chicken at school for the next year so I reluctantly agreed. Up in a dark hill where the moon shines through the bare branches which casts an eerie feel to the atmosphere and where many crows are sitting on the branches looking, and waiting for the time to strike for there next victim. Stands an old house, â€Å"The House of Death† its called by the villagers. A chill went down my spine as I was walking up the hill. Flashes of stories came rushing to my mind. I tried to convince my self that those stories were all a bunch of lies. As I got to the top of the hill I reached for the big wooden door, which was covered with graffiti. My friends stayed outside so I would go in alone. As I entered the house I put my torch on, as the light in the house was not so bright I then took a few small curious step down the long corridor the door slammed behind I suddenly jump and took a few deep breaths and don't know what to expect to happen. As I was walking down the corridor the floorboards creaked which echoed down the corridor, water was dripping from the ceiling, there was many cobwebs on the side and corners of the corridor. I wanted to turn around and just run straight through that door which I entered. But I couldn't, I would then have been called a chicken. So I carried on walking down the corridor hoping for this day to end when suddenly I heard a machine being switched on at the bottom of the corridor. â€Å"Who is it, ok jokes over come out now?† I shouted There was no response and I really started to shit my self as there was total silence again I tried to convince my self that it was Will and Sarah being immature but I was still unsure. The silence crated a really terrifying tone, which turned this dare in to a nightmare came true. My head was rushing wild with stories, images and movies of when the main character dies in trying to impress someone. I kept on telling my self that it was all nonsense. When suddenly the light started flickering to my bad luck my torch also went out. I tried to hit it back on and it wouldn't come on. I started singing to my self to take my mind of the horrifying images, which were entering my mind when suddenly somebody or someone was whispering out my name, near the end of the dark corridor. â€Å"Who is it, who are you, stop messing around now it isn't funny† I shouted There was no response and my voiced echoed around the corridor. Frighteningly the lights went out, my heart was pumping faster and faster, my feet felt as if they were stuck to the ground I couldn't move it as I was so scared I was unable to breath I was taking deep breaths. I shouted out on top of my voice † Who are you!† To my joy the lights came back and I was so relieved until I looked on the floor, there was a note saying go to the room on your left. I didn't know what to expect from this note. I got really scared as to thinking that who was behind this insane prank. I didn't know what to expect so I gathered all my courage and decided to enter the room and see what is in store for me I turned to the left and entered the room and there stood in the middle of the room my dead mother. I busted out in tears to see such a sight I was terrified and feeling a sick as she been cut open from many part of her body. I went over slowly to see my mother when suddenly I heard machines being switched on again and this time I also heard my name being called out by someone. I looked all around me to see if any one was there, I couldn't see any one but I was terrified so I ran back to the door which I came from and left. I came out with a white scared face and tears running down my cheeks. Sarah and Will looked in shock when they saw me in the state that I was in. â€Å"What happened in there are you ok,† asked Will and Sarah I told them that my dead mother was in there. Sarah was in total shock her face turned blue. But Will didn't believe me he said that my mum must have been buried as she has died. So he went to see for him self I was outside with Sarah telling her what happened, when Will came rushing out saying there's nothing there I said there is something there. We went in together and where my dead mother once laid was now missing†¦there was a silence in the room I said to my self who or what was it †¦ I'm now writing this in my dying days, My story is the truth it is not some wild fantasy made up to scare people with. Mine really did happen. The story is personal to me and telling it to anyone makes me appear insane to the outside world. I guess it does seem unbelievable in retrospect. The images of that night of the 13th of December still haunt me to this day I am hoping that you will never feel the need to show courage, as I did to my friends, because the results may not be what you expect That night I lost my friends and my sanity.

Holi Essay

Holi is a very popular Hindu spring and Full Moon festival. It is followed by Dhuleti, the festival of colors. It is celebrated on 2 and 3 March, 2007. The two-day Indian festival of Holi is one of the twelve Full Moon festivals of the Indian lunar calendar. Each month begins with the New Moon and is divided into 2 fortnights, the bright half of the waxing moon and the dark half of the waning moon. The Full Moon (purnima) in the middle signifies culmination and fulfillment: the perfect time for a festival! Holi celebrates the Full Moon called the Holi Purnima, which occurs in the lunar month of Phalgun (February-March). Holi thus celebrates the coming of spring, which is enacted in a legend of fire. An evil demon, ruler of heaven, earth and hell, forced everyone to worship him as a god. His little son Prahlad, however, remained faithful to Lord Vishnu. So the King wanted him dead. His wicked sister, the demon Holika (after whom the festival is named), could not be harmed by fire. Taking up Prahlad, she entered a bonfire. But through Vishnu’s intervention, she was the one who burned and the child remained safe. Bon fires commemorating this tale of devotion overcoming even the most powerful of obstacles are lit on the first day of Holi, the day of the Full Moon. People throw cow dung into the fires and shout obscenities at Holika. Where the spring element is more dominant, the first fruits of the harvest are offered to the cleansing fire. Embers are carried home to light fires in the houses. Holi is a lighthearted celebration of exuberance and cheer. There are wild processions to drum beats and dances to traditional Holi folk songs. People let go of past grievances an look forward to a new beginning. The young are allowed to get intoxicated, behave rudely and play pranks. Everyone goes visiting, and guests are offered ghujias (sweetmeats made from flour, almonds and raisins) and cool thandais (a milk-based drink), which can be laced with small amounts of â€Å"bhang†, or marijuana. Holi is most known as a festival of colors. On the first day, the eldest male of the family sprinkles colored powder (gulal) and colored water on each family member. The colors, especially red, are made from flowers and signify blossoming. The second day is Dhuleti, when all hell breaks loose. Children, young men and women form separate groups and go out covering everything and everyone with colors. Holi is a celebration typical of Northern India, but it is so much fun that most of India and Hindus all over the world celebrate it.

The Fall of the House of Usher

Madeline of the House of Usher Role-playing games are a great past time for literature enthusiasts. A player sits down, creates a character with quirks and a personality, usually special abilities, and meets with other people who have done the same. They sit at tables, in couches, on porches all around the world. They sit down to hear and participate in a story, a story told by the storyteller. The storyteller creates a scenario, a background, extra characters (NPCs), and certain rules. Once the story begins, control is a relative term.The storyteller knows the story, but the characters are free to move about and unknowingly change the story as they go. In Edgar Allan Poe’s short story, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† the storyteller and characters interact in a very strange way. The storyteller tries to maintain control and the characters try to free themselves. It is a struggle against two aspects, the oppressor and the oppressed, masculine and feminine. Madeli ne Usher, the sole female character in the story, is kept in the background, but holds her own by being the main drive for much of the plot.Roderick Usher, the male descendant of the Usher household, has qualities of the feminine, but introduces a powerfully masculine identity into the house. The line of triumph of the oppressed feminine over the oppressive masculine is blurry and leaves much to be desired. The first key to the house as a story and backdrop is the connection often attributed to Roderick and the house. The idea that the house deteriorates with the last wielder of the Usher name has been argued before. Roderick’s slow descent into madness is marked by cracks in the foundation of the house.This theory holds good merit from textual evidence. The story itself follows that line; Roderick describes the house as having â€Å"an effect which the physique of the gray walls and turrets, and of the dim tarn into which they all looked down, had, at length, brought about upon the morale of his existence† (119). But this is just one influence the characters have over the plot and vice versa. This view of the house and the connection to the family is shaded by a masculine identity. Surely the last male heir of the Usher house must be the cause for the decay, regardless of the feminine Usher remaining.It is easy to label Madeline Usher as a weak character. Not only is her lack of presence in the story noted, but her physical descriptions are that of a weak girl. Roderick explains to the narrator that she suffers from an unknown disease, â€Å"[a] settled apathy, a gradual wasting away of the person, and frequent although transient affections of a partially cataleptical character†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (119). Madeline suffers from an unknown illness and is kept indoors in case she becomes the victim of her own frailty.The narrator sees her only briefly before her burial later in the story, and soon after her appearance, she is confined to her bed. The char acter of Madeline Usher is subjugated. She is kept in the background. Her family line is given to Roderick, her twin brother, as was the custom at the time. Within the story, she could be representative of other women in the nineteenth century: left in the home with no rights. Madeline can also represent one of the more important aspects of the feminine as a whole, the idea of death and rebirth in her premature burial and subsequent escape from her tomb.Beverly Voloshin makes note of another point of Madeline’s femininity through color association. â€Å"Madeline matches her brother’s pallor, but her special mark is red†¦blood red being the token of both life and death† (14). Not only is she often introduced with the color red, a generally accepted color for the feminine, but her actions in the story speak directly to the idea brought about by that color. Madeline is, essentially, the feminine half of the Usher family. Roderick Usher, Madeline’s twin and the masculine half of the Usher family, is the initial, obvious oppressor.As Leila May explains as historical background in her essay, â€Å"’Sympathies of a Scarcely Intelligible Nature': The Brother-Sister Bond in Poe's ‘Fall of the House of Usher’,† the social and political authority over the household was given to the men (389). As far as the outside world is concerned, Roderick is the head of the household, putting him in a legal and social position over his sister. Diane Hoevler makes some very sound arguments for the idea of Roderick as an oppressor in her essay â€Å"The Hidden God and the Abjected Woman in ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’. She points out Poe’s own frustration with women and the idea that Roderick strives for a world, a â€Å"purely masculine universe, a fortress where males engage in discourse without the intrusion of the female in any form –living or dead: ‘Us’ versus ‘her†™: ‘Us/her’† (388). Legally, Roderick is the superior half of the last vestiges of the Usher family. It was Roderick, after all, who invited the male narrator to the house. The narrator explains that the two had been friends before and Roderick had recently sent a letter insisting that he come to the house (Poe 114).It is Roderick’s decision in the story to entomb his deceased sister in the vaults underneath the house before her burial. This burial can be viewed as an attempt by the masculine identity to rid itself of the female identity, Roderick making a final struggle against his sister. However, as Cynthia Jordan argues, â€Å"he is but a character in the story himself, and his actions are at least in part the product of his narrator’s construction† (6). The idea of plot control being in the narrator’s hands puts the narrator in the sole position of masculine oppressor and not just over Madeline Usher.The narrator in â€Å"The Fa ll of the House of Usher† views, or at least tries to explain, everything from a distanced point-of-view. His logical take on what happens at the house paints a picture with traditionally masculine tones. He also is focused on the masculine half of the Usher twins. His focus is so centered on Roderick that he would as soon dismiss Madeline from his story entirely. Jordan notes this striving towards sole masculinity influence in her essay â€Å"Poe’s Re-Vision†¦Ã¢â‚¬ : â€Å"The narrator’s first encounter with Madeline confirms the conflict between the male storyteller and the lady of the house† (7).His first encounter with Madeline is almost half way through the story. He describes her briefly, almost as a wraith, when Roderick mentions her. â€Å"I regarded her with an utter astonishment not unmingled with dread; and yet I found it impossible to account for such feelings† (Poe 119). His reaction to the feminine aspect of the Usher household is obviously negative, describing his emotions of shock and fear in the face of Roderick’s sister. After this brief mention, he leaves her out of the story once again, citing that she succumbed to her bed after his almost encounter and that he would not see her again alive (120).Jordan notes that this absence of Madeline is an attempt on the narrator’s part to keep Madeline out of the story: â€Å"the narrator uses language covertly to relegate Madeline to a passive position in relation to himself† (7). Roderick, in this case is not the masculine oppressor; the narrator is. The irony of the situation, though, is that in trying to suppress Madeline, the female twin and the object that the narrator prescribes to femininity, he lets that feminine essence flourish. By the end of the story, the narrator is forced to face that he cannot create a solely masculine story.As Raymond Benoit, a voice in Explicator’s long series of essays on â€Å"Usher,† point s out, the narrator is forced to face the feminine through the reading of â€Å"Mad Trist† at the end of the story: â€Å"a mad story that parallels what is occurring in the house and reflects and even enables the awakening of the feminine side thought to have been laid to rest in the philosophy and literature of the Enlightenment and by Roderick/narrator† (80). The narrator cannot ignore the strong feminine influence in the house, much as he tries.Perhaps this is because the source of the feminine influence is sitting beside him. Throughout the story, Roderick appears as a romantic and an artist. He reads romance and gothic novels and is emotional to the point of hysteria at times. Beverly Voloshin enters her theory in the series shared with Benoit and others on â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† in Explicator. Her theory follows the lines of Roderick being the feminine half of the Usher twins. â€Å"Roderick is associated with the abstract, atemporal, and ideal† (14). These attributes are generally feminine in nature, gentle and imaginative.In a usually feminine role, Roderick’s actions are often reactions to other characters, showing subordination. His madness is spurred by the supposed death of Madeline, an irrational and emotional reaction to an action of another character. Roderick’s death, often attributed with the ultimate fall of the house itself, is a reaction to the return and death of Madeline. His death is a reaction to the death of a feminine character, which gives power to the feminine over the masculine. Poe is known to have sickly seraph types in his stories, but these seemingly weak female characters speak to his fondness for women.Poe’s life was filled with women who were taken away by illness, making them physically weak: his mother, his cousin and wife. But the women in Poe’s life were often the source of his strength, making them spiritually and often mentally strong. The experien ce of physically weak, spiritually strong women in his life greatly influenced his portrayal of women in his stories and poetry; Anabelle Lee comes to mind. Similarly, Madeline follows the guidelines for Poe’s memory of women. In a strange way, Poe often put these women on pedestals.Madeline’s presence is very rarely in the foreground of Poe’s short story, but the times when she does appear, it is her appearance that changes the mood of the scene. Madeline owns every scene in which she appears. Her actions are catalysts. The character is weak, but Poe puts her in a position of power beyond character; Poe gives Madeline a position of power over the plot. While the ultimate portrayal of Madeline might be a slap in the face against feminists, her role in the story is large enough to create a strong female influence.Poe follows his own guidelines in the character of Madeline Usher. She fits his ideal for true beauty. John H. Timmerman helps lead the way towards view ing Madeline in this light by explaining Poe’s reasoning. He explains Poe’s drive towards creating beauty in his writing, a beauty that he believed could only be achieved through sadness (232). Because of this connection and his past with women, Poe comes to the conclusion that â€Å"the most sad thing, and therefore the most beautiful, is the death of a beautiful woman† (232).Madeline, though pale and sickly, is one of these beautiful women. Her death, then, is a thing of beauty in Poe’s eyes. The concept is not a very enthusiastic one, nor is it useful in citing Poe as an advocate for women, but that he put emphasis on women is a step in the right direction. From his idea that a beautiful woman’s death is indeed the most beautiful occurrence in nature, he spurned the male characters in his stories to help reclaim the feminine within his stories. The male counterparts to these tragic women are the main argument for Cythia Jordan.In her essay †Å"Poe's Re-Vision: The Recovery of the Second Story,† Jordan argues that Roderick Usher and C. Auguste Dupin are male characters who attempt to bring to light the feminine or â€Å"second† story. While the narrator has ultimate control over the plot of â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† Jordan points out times when Roderick tries to wrestle that control from him and reassert Madeline as a prominent figure in the story. The final scene of â€Å"Usher† is where Roderick gets that victory, â€Å"Madman! I tell you that she now stands without the door! † (130).Jordan explains that this marks a moment in which Roderick takes control of the narrative long enough to call the narrator out on his oppression and to bring Madeline out into the spotlight (11). Roderick proves again that he is not the male oppressor but is instead a supporter if not aspect of the feminine. The question becomes, then, why would Roderick want to bring Madeline to the forefront ? The sole reason being that she is his twin is likely not enough. The idea of them being two aspects of the same being, or two sides of the same face is more concrete.But consider that Roderick is an artist, not only placing him in a feminine role, which would be cause enough to help the feminine thrive, but as an artist he must meet that ultimate goal that Poe put forth for himself: to create beauty. If Poe’s characters follow his own guidelines, then, Roderick’s only way to express that which is most beautiful in the world is to bring his beautiful sister’s death to the forefront of the story. Thus, in Roderick’s moment of control over the plot, in revealing the â€Å"second story† of Madeline, he follows those rules of an artist so avidly produced by his own author.The end result is not just Poe’s ideal of beauty, it also gives voice to the silenced feminine within the story –both Madeline’s and possibly Roderick’s o wn. The connection between Madeline and Roderick as twins is an interesting part of their mixed and almost non-existent gender roles. It has been suggested that their relationship is an incestuous affair, bringing together that mixed-gendered ambiguity into an even more scrambled position. Voloshin and others regard the twin connection, Voloshin looking specifically at the dichotomies apparent within that connection. †¦[T]he Usher twins also represent the duality of culture and nature, or more precisely, that they correspond to many cultural constructions of masculine and feminine, which divide the genders along the axis of culture and nature† (14). The fact that Poe decided to use twins pushes the idea that such dichotomies exist. Roderick, similar to Madeline, is afflicted with an ailment, one that is â€Å"a constitutional and a family evil, and one for which he despaired to find a remedy –a mere nervous affection† (118). This nervous condition is display ed throughout the story in his outbursts and personality shifts.It is suggested that the ailment, being a family curse, is close to if not the same as Madeline’s. Madeline, however, shows strength in that she did not succumb to the illness before the narrator arrives. Madeline is given credit for being the stronger of the two, a masculine trait. The dichotomy does not fit what society would expect from gender roles. The male is the feminine and the female is the masculine. It has been suggested that Roderick and Madeline are the same person, or aspects of the same person. Hoeveler plays with this idea in her essay on the â€Å"Abjected Woman. She discusses the idea that Madeline is in fact the feminine half of Roderick that has escaped to become an alter-ego (391). Not only would physical evidence within the text dispute that idea –the fact that the narrator sees Madeline during a conversation with Roderick –but why, then, would Roderick assume so many feminine traits of his own? And why would Madeline seem to uphold those traits generally accepted as masculine? The rest of the essay is another key: the idea of dualities in religion, the goddess and the god. The duality returns to the twin idea, and the twin concept requires a semblance of balance.If Roderick is the feminine role, Madeline must step in to play the role of the masculine. Traditionally, in feminist readings, the masculine identity can be discovered by its subjugation and subordination of the feminine identity. Madeline is buried in the vault, making her symbolically subordinated, but in the end, it is she who buries Roderick: â€Å"†¦with a low moaning cry, fell heavily upon the person of her brother, and in her violent and now final death-agonies, bore him to the floor a corpse, and a victim to the terrors he had anticipated† (Poe 131).The first item of note is the fact that Roderick’s name is not mentioned once in his death scene. Roderick is placed in the passive part of the sentence, â€Å"upon the person of her brother,† rather than given an active death. His name is not mentioned, instead he is listed as the brother of Madeline. He is also noted as being a victim, a position often associated with the feminine. Here, Roderick is not only stripped of identity of his own, but is made the passive victim of a violent force against him. The idea of Madeline as a violent or at least controlling force over Roderick is used in the somewhat popular vampire theory.Lyle Kendall discusses this theory and cites examples from the text to help prove it. He suggests that Roderick asks the narrator to come to the house to aid him in the destruction of his oppressor, the vampire, Madeline (451). J. O. Bailey goes into more depth, citing the history and mythology behind the vampire theory. He, however, notes that both of the twins seem to exhibit traits of one who has been attacked by a vampire, but that Madeline was the one whose body is inhabited by a vampiric entity (Bailey 458).Vampires in stories have been male and female –there is no prescription for the sex of these mythological creatures. The idea of the vampire, though, of one who comes and sucks the life out of others fits the mold for a control aspect. The masculine identity is the controlling identity, and if Madeline is indeed a vampire, then she becomes that controlling identity; Madeline becomes the oppressor and Roderick the oppressed. Another supposedly masculine trait is the sense of structure and order.Robinson brings the dichotomy of order/disorder into play in his formalist reading of the short story in his essay â€Å"Order and Sentience in ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’. † Robinson writes, â€Å"[t]he progress of the story sees Usher, his house, and his sister Madeline changing from an organized to a disorganized state, until finally all sink together† (69). Robinson also brings to light the notion that Madel ine’s physical senses dim through the story while Usher’s heighten (75). Roderick becomes more sensitive where his sister becomes less so.Their traits become intermingled, masculine and feminine twisting their positions to the opposite sex until finally it all comes back together into a union. The final union between the masculine and the feminine is the destruction of the house, according to Robinson, when the house and the story fall into a state of disorganization. The final scene in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† seems to be a culmination of all that is feminine within the work. Roderick sits and listens to his favorite romantic story, â€Å"Mad Trist,† which brings the feminine back into the plot.During this reading, Roderick comes into a position to speak against the narrator, for the narrator, when he calls him a â€Å"madman,† and reveals Madeline standing outside the door. When Madeline appears for her final scene, her coup de grace , she is in her burial shroud with blood on her, a symbol of rebirth. The walking symbol of the feminine falls upon Usher, who without a fight, falls to the ground, and the two die. The narrator flees the fall of the house of Usher, and watches as the house behind him is mysteriously destroyed.The story comes together, finally, with a seeming grand finale of femininity. Symbols, romanticism, disorganization, all of those ideals that have been attributed to feminism culminate. But looking back once again on Roderick’s death, there is the passivity. Madeline, in the midst of this fantastic moment of feminine symbolism, takes on the role of a masculine identity, pressing Roderick beneath her and putting him into a passive state. Are the symbols enough for this story to triumph over masculine influence?Or has the narrator put his foot down on the final scene to ensure that some semblance of masculine oppressiveness remained in the story? Regardless of masculine or feminine traits , at the end of the story, as the world of the narrator collapses into romantic idealism, it is the woman, the female half of the Usher family, that finally oppresses the man. Madeline triumphs, but only when put into a masculine gender role. Leo Spitzer, author of â€Å"A Reinterpretation of ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’,† also notes the near necessity for the two to die as one.He first shines light on the importance of Madeline, citing her as a deuteragonist and pointing out the eerie timing of her appearances, and he goes on to say that â€Å"Roderick and Madeline, twins chained to each other by incestuous love, suffering separately but dying together, represent the male and the female principle in that decaying family whose members, by the law of sterility and destruction which rules them, must exterminate each other† (352). They do destroy one another at the end, leaving the narrator to escape.And, as Jordan points out, the narrator gets the last w ord, â€Å"for his final act of ‘sentencing’ is to dispatch Madeline and her too-familiar twin into the ‘silent tarn,’ out of mind and out of language one last time† (12). Despite this triumphant climax for Madeline and Roderick, the narrator clings tightly to his story. The narrator, or storyteller, in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† fights for control over the characters within the story, both female and feminine. He takes on, ultimately, the role of masculinity.Whether, within the house, Madeline was oppressed or Roderick was matters very little –their aspects were in sync with on another and bound to come together eventually. But their ultimate victory and freedom from the masculine narrator is achieved only in their deaths, and the storyteller condemns the last vestiges of the feminine. In this story at least, the victory of femininity is short-lived and ultimately futile. Works Cited Bailey, J. O. â€Å"What Happens in â₠¬Ëœthe Fall of the House of Usher'? † American Literature: A Journal of Literary History, Criticism, and Bibliography 35. (1964): 445-66. Benoit, Raymond. â€Å"Poe's ‘the Fall of the House of Usher'. † Explicator 58. 2 (2000): 79-81. Hoeveler, Diane Long. â€Å"The Hidden God and the Abjected Woman in the Fall of the House of Usher. † Studies in Short Fiction 29. 3 (1992): 385-95. Jordan, Cynthia S. â€Å"Poe's Re-Vision: The Recovery of the Second Story. † American Literature: A Journal of Literary History, Criticism, and Bibliography 59. 1 (1987): 1-19. Kendall, Lyle H. ,Jr. â€Å"The Vampire Motif in ‘the Fall of the House of Usher'. † College English 24. 6 (1963): 450-3. May, Leila S. ‘Sympathies of a Scarcely Intelligible Nature': The Brother-Sister Bond in Poe's ‘Fall of the House of Usher'. † Studies in Short Fiction 30. 3 (1993): 387-96. Robinson, E. Arthur. â€Å"Order and Sentience in â€Å"the Fall of the House of Usher†. † PMLA 76. 1 (1961): 68-81. . Spitzer, Leo. â€Å"A Reinterpretation of â€Å"the Fall of the House of Usher†. † Comparative Literature 4. 4 (1952): 351-63. . Timmerman, John H. â€Å"House of Mirrors: Edgar Allan Poe's ‘the Fall of the House of Usher'. † Papers on Language and Literature: A Journal for Scholars and Critics of Language and Literature 39. (2003): 227-44. Voloshin, Beverly R. â€Å"Poe's ‘the Fall of the House of Usher'. † Explicator 46. 3 (1988): 13-5. Works Referenced Obuchowski, Peter. â€Å"Unity of Effect in Poe's ‘the Fall of the House of Usher'. † Studies in Short Fiction 12 (1975): 407-12. . Peeples, Scott. â€Å"Poe's ‘Constructiveness' and ‘the Fall of the House of Usher'. † The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Kevin J. Hayes. Cambridge, England: Cambridge UP, 2002. 178-190. Stein, William Bysshe. â€Å"The Twin Motif in ‘the Fall of the Hou se of Usher'. † Modern Language Notes 75. 2 (1960): 109-11. .