Problems & Prospects of Women Entrpreneurship

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In Bangladesh, a large subjugate of women throw in the informal welkin, plainly the real value of their fraternity and component part is non recognized in the society. Differences and inequalities between women and men exist in marges of opportunities, rights, and benefits. There argon dissimilar constraints in the way to the up-gradation of their skills and sweetener of their productivity. These include poor doorway to merchandise, information, technology and finance, poor linkages and nedeucerks with stick uplihood serve and an unfavorable policy and regulatory environment.However, it is heartening to none that despite legion(predicate) barriers, a untestedborn womens endeavourr class in the baseborn and Medium sector has veritable in the country taking on the ch ei at that placenge to sour in a male dominated, competitive and composite plant economic and handicraft environment. It has been re nowadays that at present women enterprise rs constitute s atonic than 10% of the total subscriber line enterprisers in Bangladesh whereas women in advanced market economies profess more than 25% of all nearbodyal line of credites.Inspire of these, in Bangladesh, non provided hold up the womens entrepreneurship mitigated their living conditions and realize more wonder in the family and the society, but they absorb withal contributed to line of products and exportation result, supplies, prevailout generation, productivity and skill phylogenesis . our mull over includes introductory part that carry introduction astir(predicate) women entrepreneur , reach of women entrepreneurs, documentary of our muse, methodology, limit of make-up that we represent to prep be our report on caper and settingus of women entrepreneur in Bangladesh.In second part, we pardon literature re flock that contain business and prospectus of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. To explain these worry and prospectus of women entrepreneurship. We a uniform explain tele telescope, source, characteristics, growth, profile of n archaean successful entrepreneur, their barriers and the way to overcome the barriers and future day scope of women entrepreneur in Bangladesh. In third part, we explain our findings from surveying slightly women entrepreneurs virtually us. Here we express our findings by whatsoever descriptory relevant points.Concluding roughly of our findings, recommendation in our respects and I tried to set a figure that Ive install in this study of problems and prospects of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. There adding nigh recommendation to the study. I finish my summary. INTRODUCTORY PART OF STUDY universe Bangladesh is still a poor country, but she is rich in military personnel alternative. In Bangladesh women constitute slightly little than one-half the population. The bulk of them be d averstairsprivileged, under nourished, illiterate and poor. There atomic numb er 18 non exuberant manipulation opportunities for women.Therefore, economic activities, finished self- handicraft withstand become essential for potential works women. As a matter of fact, women entrepreneurship or women in business is a truly recent phenomenon in Bangladesh. Although women atomic number 18 taking to entrepreneurship in numerous challenging fields, their activities in Bangladesh argon not that extensive. In spite of fewer opportunities, m every another(prenominal) women deport succeeded in business, but they argon still very(prenominal)(prenominal) small in generateoff. But it is true that they atomic number 18 overcoming their obstacles and build a strong contribution in our national economy. Objective of the studyThe overall objective of the study is to identify the problems and prosperity of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. The objective of our study is d bleak in be imprint a) To identify the present status of women entrepreneurs in dis parate sectors and the role of women entrepreneurs in the national economy, b) To determine the women entrepreneurs profile, their success indicators with reference to a particular sector c) To determine and assess the socio-cultural/ have intercourseledgeal and heavy barriers to womens accounting entry into effort, as well as performance and growth in entrepreneurship ) To examine the issues need to address to increase admission charge to economic opportunities and formal inputs which promote entrepreneurship development. e) To re earn the current policies towards sexual urge e toni urban center and identify gaps f) To examine how womens business associations notify streng thusly womens position in business and international exchange promotions g) To indicate aras in need of further look for with understanding of economic contributions by female endeavour owners h) To provide strategical directions on how to promote and strengthen potentiality of women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh.Scope of the study The scope of the present study covers women entrepreneurs of 34 districts of Bangladesh, irrespective of their ownership pattern and subject of go-aheads. The study similarly makes an attempt to project a broad view of the status of the existing women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. Some principal(prenominal) factors much(prenominal) as personal, societal, psychological and economic-factors permit been examined in order to understand whether these facilitate or constrain women to emerge as successful entrepreneurs.The study as well throws light on women entrepreneurs strength and weakness that necessitate impact on entrepreneurship on the socio-economic status of both urban and sylvan women and their living conditions. Methodology filling of Study atomic number 18a He sample data is collected promiscuously from incompatible parts of Bangladesh. Sampling Design Random sampling action was followed to select the sample. the issuance of tota l sample is 10. Sample was put onn from upper-case letter of Bangladesh and Chittagong urban center. The Questionnaire A set of questionnaire was prepared to conduct the field survey.The questionnaire contain some relevant question about women entrepreneurship and their problem and prospectous in this field. Method of info Collection Our method of data collection are base on * Primary Data * Secondary Data * Questionnaire Survey * Questionnaire Interview * Website Limitations of the study Since the study is base on problems and prospectus of women who set-aside(p) in Bangladesh, it has some obvious limitations. These are as follows * 1 . Data collection through primary source or through interview was a duration consuming matter. The respondents some clippings were found non-cooperative with the interviewers. 2 Present study cover women problems and prospectus in entrepreneurship sector. Large scale business had been kept out of doors the purview of the present study. * 3. Gathering information from some of the women entrepreneurs was some clocks very difficult and passing time-consuming. They did not give enough time to the interviewers. * 4. Further, it was also found that women entrepreneurs have a tendency to disclose lower income and high expenses. They think that this would answer them to set down more credit. This is considered to be a limitation to the research study. * 5.Contacting women entrepreneurs to gather information was a very difficult task. * 6. The study was conducted among women entrepreneurs all around Bangladesh where all the Upazillas were not covered and as such this whitethorn not reflect the total picture of Bangladesh relating to women entrepreneurs. * 7. In view of time and resource constraints, conducting a comprehensive study in full-of-the-moon depth and width has not been possible. Literature review A. Concept of women entrepreneurship Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate, align and operate a business endeavor.Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise have and wangleled by a women having a minimum financial enliven of 51% of the not bad(p) and giving at least 51% of practice session generated in the enterprise to women. Like a male entrepreneurs a women entrepreneur has mevery functions. They should explore the prospects of starting unseasonedborn enterprise undertake risks, introduction of new innovations, coordination administration and control of business and providing effective leadership in all aspects of business. It is noticeable that entrepreneurship development and authorisation are complementary to each other.Women em billetment depends on taking part in various development activities. In other words, the involvement of women in various entrepreneurial activities has empowered then in mixer, economic and cultural fields. The power of an doorway to taking decisions has increase for women in Bangladesh, at heart as well as outside the family. Yet, women entrepreneurship development varies across rural and urban areas B. Growth of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh Ten geezerhood ago, a major(ip)ity of the women proles in Bangladesh worked in the informal sector.They were just aboutly un ingenious and did not contribute at present to formal economic activities. However, the demographic building of the labour intimacy in Bangladesh is witnessing a remarkable change. An increasing image of women are working in the formal sector as entrepreneurs and pay workers, a situation that was not seen in the past. This gradual transformation of womens conflict from the informal to the formal sectors has resulted in an upward mobility in the social and economic status of women, especially that of poor women in the country.In order to shit an understanding of the current situation, it becomes primary(prenominal) to trace the factors that are contributing towards a progressive transf ormation in the status of women in the country. Since the introductory 1990s, the growth of manufacturing industries provided women an opportunity to enter the formal labour market. A large number of rural women migrated to cities at a very young age, thereby trim back women labour in agriculture in rural areas. A new generation of women workers emerged in the country that was financially independent and lived alone in urban areas without male crackvision.Moreover, fly off the handleing upon of credit facilities gave women access to funds. Initially, women had access to slight(prenominal)(prenominal) than one percent of the credit in the formal desireing sector in Bangladesh. However, with the advent of the micro finance sector, many women had the opportunity to actively cohere in in income generating activities. Women, who mostly participated in non-farm activities and homestead farming, considerd in underage production, especially in rural areas. On an average, women e arn 40% slight than men in Bangladesh and have confine ownership over summations.Although there is a persistent problem of under-remuneration of women employed in formal sector activities, the potential of womens economic contribution is slowing gaining recognition. A ache with the expansion of the manufacturing sector and credit facilities, the growth of the Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) has had a positive impact on womens dominance. A correct number of NGOs engaged women not estimable in implementing development projects but also in the planning and figure stages. Women were actively involved in all stakeholder consultations. As a esult, womens role and troth in health and community development activities has been steadily increasing at the local aim. At the same time, active participation in development projects has elevated womens awareness on their licit rights and benefits, which is also contributing towards their empowerment. In 2009, womens labour force participation rate stood at 31. 5%, an increase of around 2% since 2005. During this period, although the participation of women in the labour force has increased by roughly 1 million as compared to 3 million of men, there is definitely a progressive change taking place.The changing role and status of women in Bangladesh today is characterized by increased opportunities. A research study conducted by the Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry reveals that women entrepreneurs are more likely to take away other women. In addition to creating barters opportunities for women, such a trend give result in an overall increase in the progress of women in the country. Greater participation of women in remunerative work will not provided improve their living conditions but also improve their dicker positions.Employed women will have separate access to of importstream jargoning function which will help them to save and invest their income in tangible assets. Furthermore, fo rmal sector employment opportunities for young women could reduce early marriages. Roughly 33% of women aged 15-49 in Bangladesh get married onwards the age of 15. Participation of young women in formal employment will not only prevent early marriages but also reduce fertility rates and health-related problems caused by early marriage.Looking ahead, while access to labour markets is rising for women, capacity building services for women workers such as comprehensive train programs need to be developed alongside in the country. One of the important challenges countd by most women entrepreneurs is lack of access to market information. Therefore, supportive infrastructure such as information centres must be make uped to disseminate information on potential buyers, uncommitted technology and finance, which will make their business sustainable and profitable. guideing such key challenges presents a strong prognosis for womens employment in the long run, which will in turn result in greater empowerment of women and gradually eliminate social barriers in the country. C. main scope Scope of women enterprise covers a wide range of activities. The activities which are found particularly amenable to and hatful be successfully. The scope of women enterprise are correspond Figure Scope of Women Entrepreneurship in Bangladesh D. Capital coordinate Capital is most important part to start up business.Women take initiative to start their business if she is financially strong or if she get financial support. We tummy define the crownwork structure of women in two way- 1. Long marches Sources 2. Short Term Sources 1. Long Term Sources These are the contributes taken for a fairly long duration of time ranging from 5 to 10 years or more. Long term loans are raised to action the financial requirement of enterprise for acquiring the fixed asset including land,building,plant and machinery etc. Figure Sources of Long Term Capital 2. Short Term SourcesShort term pileu s is obtained for aperiod upto 1 year. These are require to meet the day to day business requirement. In other words,short term capital is obtained to meet the working capital requirement of the enterprise- Figure Sources of Short term capital E. PROFILE OF SOME SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEUR The assignment also includes conducting of 30 case studies of women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. The entrepreneurs were selected for the purpose at random. However, the accessibility of the entrepreneurs in terms of their time and convenience was also a factor in the selection.The studies are presented in the undermentioned pages. The case studies mirror some important aspects of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. PROFILE 01 BRIDAL WEAR AND FASHION DESIGN DALSANEA Dalsanea, an grievous bodily harm fashion house is a popular brand name to East Pakistani fashion loving people. The enterprise represents the beauty, women power and sprit of our time. Inspired by the theme, the enterprise was essa yed in 1989 in Chittagong by Afsana Ahmed Shoma, the Chief Executive. Shoma is a truly self motivated business cleaning woman. Although she is an M.Com (Finance), had a great interest in women fashion from her teenage life with a dream to be a fashion stick outer which inspired her for establishing the enterprise. She learns from new fashions that came to her notice. Today, she is specialized in espouse outfit design. Now Shoma is using a rented house in capital of Bangladesh as her work place and residence. She employs over 60 men and women to design and manufacturing wedding and party collection and soft evening dresses. She also uses pack workers for small fry initial works. She is looking frontward to establishing a separate shop class for her business, if financial support from banks is available.The demand for her products is quite high and she has no art problem. Her products go mostly in big cities such as capital of Bangladesh and Chittagong. Most of the time, she find oneselfs advanced orders from the showroom owners of the big cities. She has participated in a number of national and international great deal fairs and real recognition for her customized fashion brand. enthronement Originally, she invested about Tk. 1. 5 lakh in her business mostly from her own savings and borrowings from the close family fellow members and about Tk. lakh from a snobby vernacular and repaid. Recently, she applied for a loan of Tk. 10 lakh to MIDAS financing limited and the application is under subroutine. Today the total investiture in her business hearts to about Tk. 40 lakh. Income /Expenditure Her average turnover per calendar month is over Tk. 60 lakh with an operating cost of Tk 35 lakh. Social and environmental factors The social factors that generally hinders Bangladeshi women in taking up business as a profession does not print her much although her family members could not take her decision positively.However, she has overcome these pr oblems with perseverance and determination. Environmental problems dont affect her much since the by products from her operation are mainly ironic and degradable materials that are disposed by the Municipal waste collector. She is a member of several professional bodies and a familiar person in business and social life.. Future Prospects The Dalsanea has good prospect for further development. At present, it is increase at the rate of about 25% per year. It has a plan to export mainly in the South Asian region. PROFILE 02 LEATHER AND JUTE GOODS KARIGARKARIGAR, a leather and jute goods producing enterprise is a pride and inspiration of young entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. The enterprise was established in 2005 by a young alum in Leather Product Technology, Tania Wahab and her shoplifter. Tania is a self motivated business woman at a time when a large number of young professionals look for job afterward graduation instead of graceful entrepreneur. Bangladesh is an exporting country of lathe products and jute goods. Animal skin and hide are available in Bangladesh and the climate make the country as the producer of topper quality jute in the World.After graduation, Tania spends no time to take the advantage of raw materials availability in the country and the skill she acquired from the Bangladesh College of Leather Technology to discharge her dream to be a business women. She is a self motivated, physical and heard working woman with keen interest to learn. Although Tania is specialized on leather products but she is learning business management by doing. KARIGAR has two factories and a showroom in capital of Bangladesh- the second showroom is on the way. It has over 50 products such as Leather goods (jacket, wallet, belt jewellery box, yellow-bellied terrapin etc. , Jute goods (bags, cushion cover, table matt, table runner etc. ) and promotional items. The gild employs 35 people of whom 95% are women to run the pulverization and the showroom. The enterp rise also uses contract workers during the peak season. Tania is looking forward to establish an international standard factory in course of time. She markets her products by sell from her showroom and sum uping to different clients office on order. She has participated in national and international dole out fairs with her products and gain respects. Investment Initially, she and her friend have invested about Tk. 0. lakh in the business mostly borrowing from the close family members. Today they have accrued about Tk. 15 lakh as operating capital. This year they borrowed Tk. 5 lakh from a private bevel. Social and environmental factors The social factor affected her very much, initially. young buck business men at the hub of Leather business in Dhaka could not believe that she will survive with the business because she is a woman. criterionwise she has overcome these problems with enthusiasm and determination and become a member of their association, which makes her heraldic bearing acceptable to the member of the association.Environmental problems, especially disposal of waste materials affect her and she is attempt to dispose the waste, scientifically. She is a member of several professional bodies. She is a resource person in different provision programs. In 2006, Tania received content Best WomenEntrepreneur Award from SME Foundation, Bangladesh and bring uped as a raising business woman of Bangladesh by the International Trade centre, Geneva. Income /Expenditure Her average turnover per month is over Tk. 10. 0 lakh with an operating cost of Tk 8. 0 lakh. At present the enterprise is development at a rate of about 60% per yearFuture Prospects KARIGARs products have good prospect for merchandise both at home and abroad. The enterprise exported about Tk. 18. 5 lakh worthy of leather, jute and leather-jute mix products to UK and Australia in 2007-8 through a buying house. To increase the export, the enterprise must have international standard en vironmental friendly shop class for which Tania has a plan to setup. However, she needs promotional support from SME Foundation and long term loan from banks. PROFILE 03 HEALTH FOOD EYA DON effort EYA DON, an sole(a) health solid food supplier is a popular card-playing food in Dhaka.The enterprise represents the quality test and nutrient food for all. Khalida Ahmed, the director, is a children story writer, wanted to do something for the children. She is a very good desex of specialized Indian food from her family life and develops her brand with special sugar content food which is good for children test and growth. Khalida raised her three children and lettered the requirement Of nutritious and healthy food for children. She is now an expert of bothersome food especially for children. With the help of husband and other family members, she established the enterprise in 2000 at Mohammedpur, Dhaka.Khalida is a truly motivated social worker and business woman. She makes ready polau in 10 minutes, prepares Makhna, a special nutritious food for children, mixed acher (pickles), frosty kabob and many other food items. Eya Dons food items received Bangladesh Standard and Testing make for (BSTI) approval for trade by fulfilling quality, nutrition and hygienic requirements. Khalida is using a rented house in Dhaka as her work place and residence. She employs sevener men and women to prepare and market food items. She also uses contract workers for minor initial works.She is looking forward to establishing a separate kitchen for her business, if financial support is available. She supplies foods to schools, Government and non-government offices on a contract basis. She also markets her products through super stores such as Agora, Nandan, Destiny, Prince Bazar etc. in Dhaka. She also do push sell, participated food fairs in Bangladesh. In 2004 she has exported a ton of frozen food to UK but could not continue collect to lack of suitable fund to build a big ger factory. Investment Originally, she invested about Tk. 1. lakh in her business mostly from her and husbands saving. She has now accumulated about Tk. 20. 0 lakh as operating capital. Recently, she applied for a loan of Tk. 8. 0 lakh to MIDAS financing limited and the application is under exhibit. Income /Expenditure Her average turnover per month is over Tk. 1. 5 lakh with an operating cost of Tk 1. 2 lakh. Social and environmental factors The social factors do not affect her much rather her husband and family members helped to establish the enterprise to keep her busy when children grown up. Environmental problems dont affect her.She is a member of several professional bodies and a familiar person in business and social life. Future Prospects The EYA DON Enterprise is growing at the rate of about 16% per year with good prospect for further growth. It has a plan to establish a frozen food factory with international standards for which the staff needs HACCP learning technical k now-how and the guild need financial support. F. Problems of women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh Our study paid a pass out of attention to investigate the challenges and problems approach by women entrepreneur. match to the study 94. % entrepreneur face different types of challenges and 5. 95% does not face any challenges or problems to start their enterprise. The challenges or problems are categorized in following ways Figure Problems of women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh 1. Financial Problem Inadequacy of capital is the main problem of women entrepreneureneurs. Women have limited capital mainly from family savings and for initial capital they have to resort to the relative and other sources. For bank loan women need to give the verifying. Most women cannot expand their business due to financial problem.Marketing Absence of marketing facilities for women or easy access and the absence of comme il faut sales centre are some of the major obstacles to do business. Women supply the ir products in markets through middleman. overdue to shortage of capital women cannot afford to establish sale centers and they cannot expand their market for this. Raw Material Women often face problem of price increase of the raw materials they use and have to pay high rate for retail corrupt. Due to lack of capital they cannot purchase bulk quality of raw material and have to pay a high rate for retail purchase.Price Due to lack of market facilities women do not get the proper prices for their products,which are under priced by the clients or wholesalers who order their products. some other problems arise when the buyer does not provide the material price or the wholesalers takes goods on credit. Labor Moreover, on-availability of efficient or skilled labor is another problem. Equipment Lack of improved equipment and machinery,existing competition go about due to expansion of production. 2. Political Problem Political unrest like hartal / decrease hindrance brings harm to th eir business .In that time the entrepreneurs face a problem to produce and sale their goods . 3. Family problem Some entrepreneurs evoke that they also face family problem, they cannot spend. Much time for their business because they are engaged with their house hold work and take care their children . Women are in handed-down and skill based business because the household members want that women should be involved in home based business which require less mobility or interaction mainly women customers . 3. Social problem Women are injure in the current centralized wholesale market set up controlled by men.The men in business do not receive womens entrance in the market and they often discourage women. Women entrepreneurs are often cheated by their male partners. 4. Transportation Problem Linkages with the markets and flow of constant quantity supply of product are hampered by the lack of quality conveyance problem. 5. Lack of technical problem Technology is changing and women h ave very little access to new technology and market information. Women normally work within a small geographic area with limited mobility. 6. remains CompetitionWomen entrepreneurs do not have organizational set up to pump in a lot of money for canvassing and advertisement. Thus,they have to face a stiff competition for marketing their products. 7. Limited Mobility strange men, women mobility in Bangladesh is highly limited due to various reasons. A angiotensin converting enzyme women asking for room is still looked upon suspicion. 8. Lack of Education In Bangladesh, around 60% of women are still illiterate. Illiteracy is the root cause of socio-economic problems. Due to the lack of education and that too qualitative education, women are not aware of business, technology and market knowledge.Thus, lack of education creates problems for women in the setting up and running of business enterprises. 9. phallic-Dominated Society Women suffer from male reservations about a womens role, ability and capacity are treated accordingly. Thus in turn, serves as a barrier to women entry into business. 10. Low Risk expression Ability Women in Bangladesh lead a protected life. They are less ameliorate and economically not self-dependent. Risk bearing is an essential demand of a successful entrepreneur. 11. Other Problems Law and other situation poses problems for womens mobility. Another problem is insecure feelings.Sometimes police, admen create problem to carry their goods. Women have no legal knowledge or help in defend their industries and often fall victims to illegal threats or criminal offenses. Frequent power failures are another important factor which hampers their production in time which effect on their business market. Women suffer from information crisis. In addition to above problem, inadequate infrastructural facilities, shortage of power, high cost production, social attitude, low need for achievement and socuio-economic constraint also hold the women b ack from enter into business.G. Prospects of Women Entreprenuer Though women entreprenuer have a lotos of problems,still there are lots of opportunities also for them to continue. Women get preferential treatment in different official matter, grasp with considerations, to better quality controlling and can give good customer relation. Now days educated women are coming forward to entreprenuership just after comleting their education. This is a very good sign for women empowerment and as well as material development There are several areas where the women entreprenuers have good prospect.The areas where the women entreprenuers can get an easy access are discussed Figure Prospects of Women Entrepreneur 1. Self Employed These women have acquired on own, especially from parents, relatives or friends, the skills and capacities to operate enterprises. Some have undergone training and apprenticeship or worked as skilled labourers and obtained enough knowledge to start their own business . So women can move toward self employment. 2. Enterprise Ownership Women can be the owner/operators of existing micro-enterprises, prove management and technical skill in self-employment. They often wish to xpand, upgrade or diversify their business through employment of family members as apprtenticeship especially in the rural areas or engage and hire workers for the production when the business progresses in the urban areas. 3. Manufacturing Womens traditional skills enable them to take up manufacturing in areas where raw materials for the products is available. Women in these activities employee workers skilled, non-skilled, standing(prenominal) or as seasonal workers. With the expansion of business and the development of quality products, training in skill, technology, management and marketing becomes essential. . Family Trade Many women can involved in the family manages, hereditarily performed through generations and the skill is traditionally kept within the family. Manufa cturing handicrafts pottery, involved in food preparation operating individual units of embroidery, tailor printing, dyeing, weaving, spinning, net marketing, etc. 5. Agricultural Activities The rural women participate more in the agricultural sector, especially in operating vegetable gardens, horticulture production, nursery or even rice husking and preparation of varied rice products. 6. Sub-contractingThis new system of generating income in the non formal sector is providing opportunities for women through negotiable process obtaining orders for product from either, exporters, procedures, whole sellers or middlemen. 7. Women as exporters Women can venture into exports directly by themselves or through other exporters. export fairs, international share fairs, single country fairs and initiative by importers have helped the women to produce quality products for exports. FINDINGS 1. the contrinution % of the women entrepreneurs in different districtsA questionnaire survey conducte d among one hundred thirty women entrepreneur and based on this survey and statistical data the gravelly result of women entrepreneur in Bangladesh are come out. The number of women entrepreneur in different district can be mentioned as follows__ 2. motivate factors to enter into business The respondents were asked to describe factors that encourage them to enter into business and entrepreneurial activities. The opinions they explicit in response to this questions are compiled and given in the following table with relative frequency and ranking.Factors that encourage women to enter into business % be Inspiration from family and family had business 29 1 To create self-dependency 24 2 Self inspiration 22 3 Extra income for the family 22 3 For economic freedom 14 4 Self employment 12 5 Inspiration by friends 9 5 To upgrade social status 6 6 Pass leisure time 5 7 Economic development 4 8 Inspiration from some organizations 3 9 No alternative to have a job 1 10 Inspired by training 1 10 To establish womens rights 1 10 Eradicate gender discrimination 1 10 Creating opportunity for others 1 10 . previous occupations preliminary occupation of women entrepreneur are describe by the following pie map _ 4. Nature Of Ownership individual ownership is dominant type Among cxxx enterprises established by women entrepreneurs. Their nature of owner ship are shown by following figure_ individual ownership is dominant type Among 60 women entrepreneurs, 73. 2% is owned by individual, 15. 9% is jointly owned by family members and only 7. 3% business is run in coalition with other members. coalition is also dominated by the traditional human relationship relationships as 38. % of women entrepreneurs have partnership with mother, 26. 9% with sisters, and 3. 8% with brother. only if 3. 8% of women entrepreneurs interviewed have partnership with husband. In 15. 4% cases, partnership is found with friends. Domination of partnership by the kinship relationship can be explaine d by traditional immemorial social values and social system, under which, womens social dealings with the people, particularly men, outside of the family is highly restricted. This is also associated with the fear of social danger and social stigma. 5. Types of Business Where Women enteredPercentage distribution of women entrepreneurs by the types of business are shown in following. Type-1 Type-2 Type-3 Description % Description % Description % Manufacturing 61. 6% Only export 15. 6% Whole sell 16. 2% Service 12. 8% Only Import 0% sell 43. 0% Trading 12. 8% incomplete Export Nor Import 82. 8% Both 40. 8% Other 12. 8% Both Export & Import 1. 6% 100% 100% 00% turn off Types of Business Where Women Are Entered . Among one hundred thirty women entrepreneurs interviewed, about two third of them (62%) were found to be involved in manufacturing sector followed by service (12. %) and commerce sector (12. 8%). Among them, 82. 8% has no relation with export-import business as only 15. 6% were found to be involved in export-oriented business. Retail is the dominant trend among women entrepreneurs in the sample. More than one third of them (43%) were found to be involved in retail business. Only 16. 2% enterprises were found to be wholesellers and 40. 8% were involved in both retail and wholesell business. 6. Experiences in Trade Licensing and Company Registration Women Face various types of Problme to Register their enterprise.It Causes various harassment for women. Thats why they are not interested for say their business. Their adaptation status are shown in following figure-eight Figure billet of enterprises in term of having phoner Registration The figure shows that almost half of the women entrepreneurs (49. 7%) interviewed did not get their enterprises registered with any legal authorities. Among women entrepreneurs, who have dish out license, most of them run their business in the city corporation like Dhaka, Rajshahi and Sylhet. About 90% of t he women entrepreneurs from Dhaka have trade license.Most of the women entrepreneurs, who do not have trade license, are from the district town or local area like Jessore (85. 7% have no trade license), Comilla (57% have no trade license). It could be assumed that having trade license is associated with the access to information. Since the women living in the city corporation areas have greater access to information and public institutions, most of them were able to get their union registered. It is also bare from the result of cross tabulation that education and training has a great influence to inspire women to get their companion registered.About 70% of women entrepreneurs having trade license completed at least secondary level of education and have some training experiences on various issues. Year of company adaption Although 50% of women entrepreneurs did not get their company registered from any legal authority, the tendency to have trade license is gradually increasing, as it is evident from figure 8. that 59% of enterprises become registered during 2001-2007. It can be assumed that educated women are entering into business and they have better knowledge of regulatory Trade license-providing agenciesIn Bangladesh there are some agencies that provide trade license who are authorized by Govt. the license providing agencies are shown in following figure. Figure-9 Percentage distribution of women entrepreneurs by the trade-licensing authorit Among 50% of the respondents having trade license, majority of them (67. 9%) got trade license from the City Corporation, 17. 9% from Municipality, 3. 6% from mating Parishad. It is also evident from the findings that 40% were unable to complete trade licensing procedures on their own resulting in increased expenditures for company modification.About 45% of them had to expend, on average, pleonastic 2000 taka only to get help in trade license processing. The normal value for this purpose was found to be 5000 ta ka, which reputes about 50% of the women entrepreneurs, who were unable to accomplish trade licensing process on their own, had to expense, on average, 5000 taka or more than 5000 taka. Expenditure for get trade license It is evident from the findings that most of the women entrepreneurs have experiences of informal source of expenditures like bribery in the process of getting trade license. Expenditure Name of the trade licensing authority City corporation Municipality Union parishad squiffy 2400 1200 non available Median 2250 1200 not available expenditures like bribery in the process of getting trade license. The women entrepreneurs interviewed mentioned that they had to informally pay from 50 to 1200 taka to get trade license from the city corporation. Regarding informal expenditure, they had better experiences with municipalities. Average expenditure including formal and informal for getting trade license from the City Corporation was found to be BDT 2400 and median(prenom inal) was calculated for this category as BDT 2250.In case of Municipality, both mean and median were found to be 1200. It means getting trade license from municipalities is less expensive. It is also mentioned by the respondents that getting trade license from Municipality was less bureaucratic and complication free compare to the services from the city . corporation. Reasons behind not having trade license The women entrepreneurs, who did not have trade license, were asked to describe the reasons. The opinions they expressed as reasons for not having trade license were as follows Opinion % unwitting of the necessity of having trade license 37%Aware but not familiar with the process 41% Applied for trade license and the process is going on 3. 7% Others 18. 3% derive 100% Problems faced by the women entrepreneurs with different trade licensing authorities The following table return the Problems faced by the women entrepreneurs with different trade licensing authorities Types of P roblemsmentioned by thewomen entrepreneurs CityCorporation Municipalities UnionParishad Taxdepartment interlacing process X X X Time consuming X X X X Bureaucratic process X X X Bribery X X X Indecent port X X X Sexual harassment,teasing X X X XLack of cooperation X X X Problems faced by the women entrepreneurs due to not having trade license Due to not having trade license women faced different types of problems and harassments. The problem that they face are represented in following tables Major Problems % Could not get access to bank loan and financial institutions 80 Could not participate in trade fair 60 Could not get membership with the chamber of avocation 45 Could not enter into export-import oriented sectors 35 It is observed from the table-13 that women entrepreneurs faced various problems due to not having trade license.As per responses by women entrepreneurs, for the lack of trade license, 80% of them were refused by banks or financial institutions to give a loan to them, 75% of them could not participate in trade fair. Since, it is mandatory to have trade license for getting membership with the chamber of commerce, 60% of them failed to expend for membership. Another 35% told that they could not enter into export-import business Opinion of the women regarding company registration The women entrepreneurs in the sample were asked to express their recommendations about existing company registration process.The major issues they raised were as follows. Opinion % Make registration process easier 75 Make information available towomen entrepreneurs 70 pee awareness regardingregistration process 60 Create awareness regardingregistration process 85 Make the people gender sensitive 66 Organize training on regulatory process 58 Reduce company registration fee 70 Reduce complexity 55 Fasten registration process 45 7. Main sectors Sector-wise percentage distribution of the respondents. Name of the sectors % enterprises Garments/ office textile 16. 1P rinting 1. 6 Handicraft 69. 4 Agro based 3. 2 Parlor 4. 8 Food 3. 2 Others 1. 6 Total 100 Among the respondents, majority of women entrepreneurs (69. 4%) were found to be involved in handicraft sector followed by garments/ home-textile (16%). The table-8 also shows that women are becoming in non-traditional sectors like printing and media, food business, etc. It is observed that 60% of women entrepreneurs did not know how to conduct feasibleness study before selecting a ad hoc product, 26. 7% of them were completely found unaware of feasibility study and 6. % of them did not feel necesity to conduct a feasibility study. Only few women entrepreneurs told that they conducted feasibility through market observation and participation in trade fair. 8. cookery and Human Resources knowledge Percentage distribution of women entrepreneurs by the status of training Whether received training % of therespondents Received before starting business 35. 5 Received after starting business 42. 1 Received before and after starting business 13. 2 Did not receive any training 9. 2 Total 100 n=60 Training is a vital issue for women entrepreneurship development.It can facilitate women to nativeize required business skills and attributes. The table-15 shows that among the women entrepreneurs interviewed, almost half of them(48. 7%) had received training on various issues before they entered into business. Different NGOs, public institutions like women and children affairs department, young person development department, chamber of commerce, trade bodies provided these training. 42. 1% of them started their business without having any training on business development although they received training after they had entered into business. In 9. % cases, there was no opportunity to receive training and they did not receive any training on business. This group is from the remotest area that means women entrepreneurs live in the rural areas or local areas are more undefended than the ir urban counterpart is. Percentage distribution of the respondents by the name of courses that they received before and after their business initiatives Name of the trainingcourses % of the respondents Before starting12business After starting13business sales and marketing 44 69 Training on sewing 44 6 Training on block and boutique 40 28 Training on embroidery 19 0Training on cutting 11 0 Training on Tailoring 26 9 Handicraft 41 19 Computer 4 22 Financial Management 11 9 Business Management 7 16 Leadership of women 4 0 Poltry 15 3 miniskirt garments 4 0 Screen print 4 3 homework 4 3 Beauty & herbal care 4 0 The above table shows training courses which were organized for women entrepreneurs before or after their entry into business. It is expected that those training courses were helpful to buildcapacity of women entrepreneurs at entry level but in terms of the degree of effectiveness, there is a scope to raise questions.The women entrepreneurs who did not receive any training me ntioned that they did not know where to go to receive training. They do not have proper stem about training providing agencies. It is also observed that public training providing agencies do not have proper mechanism to go to women entrepreneurs, particularly to rural women with their services, as said by the respondents. 9. Sources of capital Starter Capital and thin in Investment The picture of grump capital are representing by following table- Starter Capital (BDT) Current amount of capital (BDT) Mean 207265 290884 Median 20000 600000Mode ten thousand0 300000 Minimum 500 10000 level best 4000000 5000000 Out of 130 women entrepreneurs interviewed, 77 women entrepreneurs were able to provide information about the amount of their starter capital. Based on available informationprovided by them, mean value of starter capital for 77 women entrepreneurs were found to be BDT 207265 but the median value was found to be BDT 20,000, which means 50% of 77 women entrepreneurs starter ca pita was equal to or less than BDT 20,000. The minimum starter capital was found to be only BDT 500. The maximum amount of starter capital was BDT 4000000.This extreme case has positive influence on the value of mean. comparability to the current amount of capital, it is evident that average capital has been increased from the amount of the starting point of business. For 69 women entrepreneurs, mean and median for existing capital were calculated as BDT 290884 and BDT 600000. In case of starter capital, 50% of women entrepreneurs investiture was from BDT 500 to 20000 while 50% of women entrepreneurs current investments were found between BDT 10000 to 600000. It can be considered as significant growth in investment for micro women entrepreneurs.Sources of Starter capital Percentage distribution of women entrepreneurs by the sources of starter capital are presented by following table- Opinion %Of Respondents Own savings 61 Parents 39 Husband 18 n-laws 6 Relatives belong to kinship group 2 Friends 3 Public commercial bank 1 Private commercial bank 1 NGO 5 Other government agencies 3 Cooperative society 0 Leasing company 0 Mahajan 0 Others 0 Credit Facilities For Women In our social world the women did not get enough quick-wittedness for the credit facility. The face various problem for collecting their capital.If an women goes for institutional facility then she does not get enough respons from them. Percentage distribution of women entrepreneurs by their first notion at bank Level Of Impression % Of women Entrepreneurs Very good 11 Moderate 67 Bad 22 Total 100 Among the respondents, 98 women entrepreneurs out of 130 visited various banks and financial institutions for a loan but only 5 of them managed to get a loan from banks. 98 women entrepreneurs were also asked to express their first impression about bank. Only 11% mentioned that they have very good impression. 7% of them expressed their moderate impression and 22% told they had bad impression while the y went for a loan to a bank. SOWT Analysis about women entrepreneur according to survey Here the SOWT analysis from the survey explain the internal capacity and external capacity analysis of an women to establish en enterprise. harmonise to our survey the explanation of strength, opportunity, weakness and threats. A. Strengths of Women * Initiative * Self-inspiration * Efficiency at work * Self-confidence * Growth oriented * Good organizer * Ambitious * caricature of innovations B. Weaknesses of Women Low risk-bearing ability * Low literacy rate * Low work participation rate * Low urban population share * Low enjoyment capacity of resources * Low level of mobilitys * Inability to hardwork and tencious work * Confusion in decision making C. Opportunities of Women * Tchnological opportunity * Support from government * Professional consultancies * Micro-finance facilities * handiness of raw material * Tax facility * SME * Export facility D. Threats of Women * hostile cultural prac tices * Social inhibitions * Unaware of government facilities * Huge competition * extravagantly cost against loan Lack of training facility * Inadequate infrastructural facility. * Family ties * Male dominating society. * poor linkages and networks * unfavorable policy and regulatory environment testimony AND CONCLUSION Recommendation Based on the present stydy the following recommendations are put forward for further improvement of the condition of women entrepreneur of Bangladesh. * corroborate a separate cell to deal with women entrepreneurs regarding trade license and company registration. * Create easy access for women entrepreneurs to the local administrative support public institution . The central bank should fix up a butt for each bank to provide loan for women and from a monitoring squad to monitor the implementation of its circular. * A comprehensive credit policy should be initiated under the supervision of the central bank in order to create access of women entrep reneurs to finance. this policy must keep a provision of collateral free loan, credit without interest or low rate of interest (maximum 8% interest),loan for long time duration etc. for women entrepreneurs. * Establish a separate bank for the development of women entrepreneurs.Impose an obligation for other banks to maintain a minimum quota for women entrepreneurs in loan disbursement and ensure the implementation of this quota. * exclusively types of new women entrepreneurs should given a provision of tax-exemption for at last quint years. * Include a special provision for women entrepreneurs in the policy and procedures of value added tax (VAT) and keep a provision of VAT exemption for new women entrepreneurs for at least first five years. * Increase budgetary tryst to facilitate women entrepreneurs, particularly women entrepreneurs to participate in the national and international trade fair. Provide special support to women entrepreneurs who are involved in export-oriented act ivities for promoting marketing of their products. * The required amount of credit and its timely disbursement have an important role to continue and expand the enterprise. * Timely support of credit facility has to be ensured. * Collateral requirement of bank should be revisited and procedures should be made simple. * All banks should allocate a portion of their loan for women entrepreneurs and should open a separate window for them. Lack of management experience of entrepreneur they should be trained on Entrepreneur Development Training. Proper step should be taken for this purpose. * Women entrepreneur needs management assistance to improve the administrative capacity and increase productive activity and capacity in quality as well as in volume. Conclusion Entrepreneurship to women in Bangladesh is more than just income generation. It is about working to build a more prosperous country, to lift the many millions of Bangladesh people out of poverty. It is about achieving economic independence and womens empowerment.And it is about striving for emancipation of womens gender roles, to create a better future for generations of women to come. So,all of us who have a role to play must come forward in this extremely important development and growth process to build the nation that Bangladesh should be. The present study show that most of the entrepreneurs were from young and less educated. They were migrating from different areas. According to the survey results women are found to have engaged themselves in different type of enterprises. Women entrepreneurs selected their enterprises with what they were familiar.Most of the cases show that they were previously worked on others as worker from which they earned their working skill and later on they started their enterprises in those Ares only. The study all the way indicate that lack of capital is still the remain problem, absence of marketing facilities, absence of proper sales center are some of the major problem . Another common barrier faced by the women entrepreneurs was balancing time between the enterprise and the family. If the major barrier in marketing for women entrepreneurs can be removed then the women lead sector can sure add income for the economy.This study focuses that if the women are provided with appropriate training and need based assistance and make an easy environment they will incrementally enter into the entrepreneurial occupation and will prove their worth through efficiency in operation to contribute to the economy of Bangladesh. Reference 1. Multiple responses were allowed and responses were not inversely exclusive 2. N=36, multiple responses were allowed and data were not mutually exclusive 3. N=32, for both cases, multiple responses were allowed and data were not mutually exclusive 4.Shamim, Munir Uddin, Report on Promoting Women Entrepreneurship through Advocacy, March 206-February 2007, BWCCI, July 2007, pg. 24. 5. Afsar, Dr. Rita, Bringing Women Entrepreneurs in insurance policy Focus for SME Development in Bangladesh, A keynote paper presented at the Seminar on Strengthening Capacity of Women organized by BWCCI, February 26, 2008 6. 4. BBS, The Statistical shift of Book of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2006 7. Shamim, Munir Uddin, Report on Promoting Women Entrepreneurship through Advocacy, BWCCI, Dhaka, July 2007 APPENDIX Questionnaire Survey on Women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh 1.Personal Information I. Name_________________________________________________________________________ II. Company name_________________________________________________________________ III. Address_______________________________________________________________________ IV. Address 2_____________________________________________________________________ V. City/Town_____________________________________________________________________ VI. State________________________________________________________________________ VII. ZIP/Postal tag___________________________________ ____________________________VIII. Country_____________________________________________________________________ IX. Email Address________________________________________________________________ X. Phone Number_______________________________________________________________ 2. Establishing this Business is very simple in our country by Women? StronglyAgree Agree inert discord Strongly take issue 3. The structure of Women Entrepreneur is appropriate for business world? StronglyAgree Agree Neutral Disagree StronglyDisagree Partnership Corporation sole proprietorship 4.Is the Bank add is Difficult to get? StronglyAgree Agree Neutral Disagree StronglyDisagree 5. invite Difficulties in obtaining Financial Capital? StronglyAgree Agree Neutral Disagree StronglyDisagree 6 . Partners are Beneficial for women enterprise? StronglyAgree Agree Neutral Disagree StronglyDisagree 7. Sole Proprietors are Beneficial for women enterprise? StronglyAgree Agree Neutra l Disagree StronglyDisagree 8. Which types of Fund is make up effective for women enterprise ? StronglyAgree Agree Neutral Disagree StronglyDisagree Personal Savings. make from Family and Friends Loan from Family and Friends Loan from previous owner. Credit card/personal loan. Bank Loan Partners 9. What are the Remarkable Problems you face in your business (from the list below)? StronglyAgree Agree Neutral Disagree StronglyDisagree Toomuch competition State and federal regulations Not enough business knowledge Cash flow problems Rising be of business Too much paperwork Too many factors out of my control 10.Reasons for becoming a business owner? StronglyAgree Agree Neutral StronglyDisagree Disagree To be my own boss Always wanted to start my own business Family responsibilities Good way to find employment To make more money Dissatisfied with my work Thought I could do bet ter job than others * * * * * 11. How much of each of the following kinds of experiences did you have before you became a business owner? StronglyAgree Agree Neutral StronglyDisagree Disagree Job in the same field as the business School education directly related to business Seminars, programs relevant to business Hobby, personal experience in same field Supervisory/management experience Accounting experience 12. What is the type of your current business? ____________________ 13. Is it your first business? * Yes * No 14. why you come tobusiness? _________________________________ 15. What is the reason behind the business? ______________________ 16. bewilder you get any help from other in this start up your business? * Yes * No 17. Do you have trade license? Yes * No 18. Have you get support from your family? * Yes * No 19. What is the current amount of your investment? _________________ 20. How to invest it? ___________________________________ _________ 21. What is your occupational background? ________________________ 22. What is your father/husbands occupational background? _________ 23. Have you face any problem? StronglyAgree Agree Neutral Disagree StronglyDisagree 24. Have you ever taken loan? * Yes * No 25. If yes then from whom? _____________________________________ 26. do you maintain accounts and book keeping? Yes * No 27. Do you have TIN? * Yes * No 28. Are you informed about tax and VAT? * Yes * No 29. Are you informed about tax facility? * Yes * No 30. Did you get any training facility? * Yes * No 31. Do you have any future plane? * Yes * No 32. What is your future plane? __________________________________ 33. What types of help is required to expand your business.? 34. What step should be taken to improve situation of the women entrepreneur in Bangladesh? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________